5 Strain-induced phase transition in a second suspended sample. Since the metal is moving, the magnetic flux through the sheet is changing. Extended Data Fig. ISSN 1748-3395 (online) FA9550-19-1-0390 and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundations EPiQS Initiative via grant GBMF6759 to J.-H.C. The kinetic energy of the moving vehicle is converted to heat by the eddy current flowing through the electrical resistance of the rail, which leads to a warming of the rail. The electric field is defined at each point in space as the force per unit charge that would be experienced by a vanishingly small positive test charge if held stationary at that point. Often, the current in the output coil is integrated, yielding an output analog voltage proportional to the magnetic field. Song, T. et al. They show the direction of flow for the magnetic field and represent relative field strength the closer together the lines are, the stronger the magnetic field. Chapter 14. Moreover, using nanometric skyrmions , current-induced dynamics of skyrmions (12, 46), and magnetic tunnel junctions can further improve the performance. e, Magnetic anisotropic energies as a function of uniaxial strain along a, obtained from fully-relativistic calculations, with the free boundary condition. Even though I did have a fairly convincing out-of-body experience, I'm disappointed relative to the great expectations and anxieties I had going in. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy publishes original, peer-reviewed articles on endoscopic procedures used in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of digestive diseases. The decreasing anisotropic energies agree with the observed decrease of saturating field in the spin canting process upon straining. b, Two interlayer magnetic exchange pathways between closest Cr-Cr interlayer pairs in side view. CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Only one group unconnected to Persinger's lab has so far succeeded in replicating[13] the effects of one of Persinger's early studies. Nano Lett. Adv. Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomena 17, 256261 (2022). Notice that one field line follows the axis of the loop. 8(d) show the variation of the dB/dt. 3 Photoluminescence (PL) intensity map of sample S2. Magnetism is one aspect of the combined phenomena When a rectangular coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the induced current changes once in a half revolution; as a result, the direction of the current in the coil remains the same. They concluded that the effects were likely due to suggestibility, though they did not directly measure it. Scale bar: 30m. Dynamical criticality of spin-shear coupling in van der Waals antiferromagnets. As one set of authors explained, If one views the magnet as an assembly of circulating atomic currents moving through the pipe, [then] Lenzs law implies that the induced eddies in the pipe wall counter circulate ahead of the moving magnet and co-circulate behind it. X.X. 13, 29312936 (2013). Pet, J. et al. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy publishes original, peer-reviewed articles on endoscopic procedures used in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of digestive diseases. Hicks, C. W. et al. respond that Persinger agreed with their proposed methodology beforehand[45][46] and they stand by their replication. And I think it's enough to ponder right now that a current can actually induce a magnetic field. Wang, L. et al. 8 Comparison of photoluminescence at select magnetic fields and integrated intensity of unstrained and highly strained CrSBr. 10 Effects of strain on exchange pathways and magnetic anisotropic energy in CrSBr. Science 329, 824826 (2010). 13.5 Eddy Currents. Adv. 3, Hagerstown, MD 21742; phone 800-638-3030; fax 301-223-2400. d, Full strain dependence of the graphene 2D peak. The direction of this magnetic field looks like this: point your right thumb in the direction of the current, then your fingers curl in the direction of the induced magnetic field. Bandgap engineering of strained monolayer and bilayer MoS2. Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. The God helmet is an experimental apparatus originally called the Koren helmet after its inventor Stanley Koren. The mobile charge carriers in the metal, the electrons, actually have a negative charge, so their motion is opposite in direction to the conventional current shown. The magnetic field lines are shaped as shown in Figure 12.12. "They didn't replicate it, not even close," he says. & Yuan, S. Strain-tunable magnetic and electronic properties of monolayer CrI3. S10), owing to the local pressure spreading over a larger area as the hydrogel thickness increases, and hence the pressure gradient decreasing, as supported by simulation results in figs. acknowledges support from the Micron Foundation. Either a high-volume air-ventilation or water-to-air heat exchanger adds additional cost and complexity. Telford, E. J. et al. This application lacks the possibility of adjusting braking strength as easily as with electromagnets. 8(b) show the variation of the magnetic field; Fig. S10), owing to the local pressure spreading over a larger area as the hydrogel thickness increases, and hence the pressure gradient decreasing, as supported by simulation results in figs. Giannozzi, P. et al. The second experimental hypothesis was that when communication between the left and right senses of self is disturbed, as they report it is while wearing the God Helmet, the usually-subordinate 'self' in the right hemisphere intrudes into the awareness of the left-hemispheric dominant self,[21] causing what Persinger refers to as "interhemispheric intrusions".[19]. Phys. A magnetic level gauge is a type of level sensor, i.e., a device used to measure the level of fluids. Articles report on outcomes research, prospective studies, and controlled trials of new endoscopic instruments and treatment methods. Open Access Extended Data Fig. They are often referred to as an "absorber" in such applications. [10] Granqvist et al concluded that the presence or absence of the magnetic field had no relationship with any religious or spiritual experience reported by the participants, but was predicted entirely by their suggestibility and personality traits. The apparatus, placed on the head of an experimental subject, generates very weak magnetic fields, that Persinger refers to as "complex". Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. The kinetic energy of the moving object is dissipated as heat generated by the current flowing through the electrical resistance of the conductor. This change may be produced in several ways; you can change the strength of the magnetic field, move the conductor in and out of the field, alter the distance between a magnet and the conductor, or change the area of a loop located in a stable magnetic field. The Journal of Hand Surgery publishes original, peer-reviewed articles related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the upper extremity; these include both clinical and basic science studies, along with case reports.Special features include Review Articles (including Current Concepts and The Hand Surgery Landscape), [28], Persinger uses a modified snowmobile helmet that incorporates solenoids placed over the temporal lobes. The induced current is the current generated in a wire due to a changing magnetic field. [14] Other groups have reported no effects at all[15] or have generated similar experiences by using sham helmets,[16] or helmets that are not turned on,[17][18] and have concluded that personality differences in the participants explain these unusual experiences. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Nanotechnology (Nat. having both magnitude and direction), it follows that an electric field is a vector field. In-plane resistivity anisotropy in an underdoped iron arsenide superconductor. J.C. fabricated the samples and performed the optical measurements with help from P.T., and A.M., J.C., S.S., X.X., T.C., D.X. Persinger, however, took issue with the Swedish attempt to replicate his work. 2J; close-up view of current response in fig. A current carrying solenoid produces similar pattern of magnetic field as a bar magnet. 7 Magneto-photoluminescence measurements with the field swept along the hard (. [32] The purpose of exposing magnetic fields patterned after neurophysiological sources, such as the burst-firing profile of the amygdala, is to enhance the probability of activating the structure from which the signal was derived. Explain how the Biot-Savart law is used to determine the magnetic field due to a current in a loop of wire at a point along a line perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Inexpensive air-cooled versions are typically used on chassis dynamometers, where their inherently high-inertia steel rotors are an asset rather than a liability. Notice that one field line follows the axis of the loop. He, K., Poole, C., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the In text 13.7 Page:238. J. Phys. [1] Reports by participants of a "sensed presence" while wearing the God helmet brought public attention and resulted in several TV documentaries. [12], The theoretical basis for the God helmet, especially the connection between temporal lobe function and mystic experiences,[47][48] has also been questioned.[5]. In contrast, at the trailing edge of the magnet (right side) the magnetic field through the sheet is decreasing, inducing a clockwise eddy current in the sheet. When the pillar is strained, the strain is transferred to the heterostructure on top. FACT: Receiving a COVID-19 vaccine will not make you magnetic, including at the site of vaccination which is usually your arm. The grey line represents a linear fit of the peak position as a function of piezo voltage determined by Lorentzian fits. But anyway, we won't worry about that now. Internet Explorer). And actually, just a moving electron creates a magnetic field. Because the math gets a little bit fancy there. We are an Open Access publisher and international conference Organizer. COVID-19 vaccines do not contain ingredients that can produce an electromagnetic field at the site of your injection. Mater. Nano Lett. Science 337, 710712 (2012). This change may be produced in several ways; you can change the strength of the magnetic field, move the conductor in and out of the field, alter the distance between a magnet and the conductor, or change the area of a loop located in a stable magnetic field. Nat. Computational resources were provided by HYAK at the University of Washington. Lee, J., Wang, Z., Xie, H., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Valley magnetoelectricity in single-layer MoS2. helped with the integration of the strain apparatus to cryostats. 13.7 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction. And I think it's enough to ponder right now that a current can actually induce a magnetic field. The strain-induced magnetic phase transition is likely driven by a significant enhancement in the 1st NN interlayer Cr-Cr coupling which favors ferromagnetism. Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. Nat. [8] The study was published in Neuroscience Letters in 2005. The first train in commercial circulation to use such a braking system has been the ICE 3. Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced field. CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. Some manufacturers rely on a single magnet for their magnetic level gauges which causes the strength of the north field to be identical to, and as weak as, the south field. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, John Cenker,Aaron Miller,Pearl Thijssen,Zhaoyu Liu,Jordan Fonseca,Eric Anderson,Di Xiao,Jiun-Haw Chu&Xiaodong Xu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, Shivesh Sivakumar,Kaichen Xie,Di Xiao,Ting Cao&Xiaodong Xu, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Avalon Dismukes,Xiaoyang Zhu&Xavier Roy, You can also search for this author in This is the eddy current. Nat. To avoid the risk posed by power outages, they utilize permanent magnets instead of electromagnets, thus not requiring a power supply. TMS uses single, paired, and repetitive pulses of high intensity to penetrate the cranium. Mater. Hicks, C. W., Barber, M. E., Edkins, S. D., Brodsky, D. O. Mechanical deformation of a crystal can have a profound effect on its physical properties. 20, 16571662 (2021). Guidelines and Measures provides users a place to find information about AHRQ's legacy guidelines and measures clearinghouses, National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and National Quality Measures Clearinghouse (NQMC) J. Phys. As you may know, a wire also produces a magnetic field. 13.4 Induced Electric Fields. CUSTOMER SERVICE: Change of address (except Japan): 14700 Citicorp Drive, Bldg. One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances. Extended Data Fig. 11, 2698 (2020). Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling. Hopcroft, M. A., Nix, W. D. & Kenny, T. W. What is the Youngs modulus of silicon? Japanese Shinkansen trains had employed circular eddy current brake system on trailer cars since 100 Series Shinkansen. : 46970 As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector (i.e. J. Comput. With mechanically actuated floats, the float is directly connected to a micro switch. & Ralph, D. C. Probing and controlling magnetic states in 2D layered magnetic materials. 32, 2003240 (2020). [5] Anecdotal reports by journalists,[6] academics[7][8] and documentarists[9] have been mixed and several effects reported by Persinger have not yet been independently replicated. Electric current produces a magnetic field. c, DFT-LSDA calculations of the energy difference of FM and AFM interlayer coupling as a function of strain applied along the c axis with lattice constants in a and b kept constant. Ni, Z. et al. Mater. Lee, K. et al. The braking force of an eddy current brake is exactly proportional to the velocity V, so it acts similar to viscous friction in a liquid. If the coil resistance is 0.05, what is the average induced current? Cenker, J., Sivakumar, S., Xie, K. et al. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the What is the direction of the induced current? Correspondence to [3][4], Technical Specifications for Interoperability, Diesel electric locomotive dynamic braking, Electronically controlled pneumatic brakes, Electro-pneumatic brake system on British railway trains, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddy_current_brake&oldid=1113202983, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 September 2022, at 08:54. All the authors discussed the results. Wu, Z., Yu, J. Extreme tensile strain states in La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 membranes. Hence the alternating magnetic field, and the induced output current, are out of step with the input current. We note, however, that Kohn-Sham DFT at the mean-field level has been known to underestimate the band gaps of semiconductors, and the band gaps presented here should not be directly compared to the PL energy levels in the present work. It is usually denoted or B.The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb; in derived units, voltseconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell.Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains We own and operate 500 peer-reviewed clinical, medical, life sciences, engineering, and management journals and hosts 3000 scholarly conferences per year in the fields of clinical, medical, pharmaceutical, life sciences, business, engineering and technology. b, c, d, FM CrSBr with magnetic moment constrained along the b, a, and c axes, respectively. When a rectangular coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the induced current changes once in a half revolution; as a result, the direction of the current in the coil remains the same. J. Microelectromech. That is, the dark regions in the PL map are the most strained, as they are in the FM state, whereas the brightest regions have the strongest AFM state and thus have the lowest strain. A.D. grew and characterized the bulk CrSBr crystals with supervision from X.R., and X.Z., S.S., K.X. It was developed by Koren and neuroscientist Michael Persinger to study creativity, religious experience and the effects of subtle stimulation of the temporal lobes. The research requires the understanding of the basic physics in spintronics and engineering to make the spintronic devices highly performing. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances. From Faraday's law of induction, this field induces a counterclockwise flow of electric current (I, red), in the sheet. And it does it in a surface of a sphere-- I won't go into all that right now. [41], The scientist and science writer Richard Dawkins, appearing in the BBC science documentary series Horizon, did not have a 'sensed presence' experience,[42] but instead felt at times 'slightly dizzy', 'quite strange' and had sensations in his limbs and changes in his breathing. Huang, B. et al. Notice that one field line follows the axis of the loop. Mao, J. et al. Often, the current in the output coil is integrated, yielding an output analog voltage proportional to the magnetic field. Induced current is the current generated Evidence of flat bands and correlated states in buckled graphene superlattices. Levy, N. et al. When a rectangular coil is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the induced current changes once in a half revolution; as a result, the direction of the current in the coil remains the same. The eddy current brake does not have any mechanical contact with the rail, thus no wear, and creates neither noise nor odor. The current response time decreases from ~5 s at 1-mm thickness to 30 ms at 0.2 mm (Fig. Solution: It works the same as a disk eddy current brake, by inducing closed loops of eddy current in the conductive rail, which generate counter magnetic fields which oppose the motion of the train. 1 Photograph of strain cell and mounted CrSBr flake. [10] Persinger argues that the replication was technically flawed,[8][11] but the researchers have stood by their replication. For example, larger floats may be used with liquids with specific gravities as low as 0.5 while still maintaining buoyancy. Comparing the strained silicon pillar at zero volts to the freestanding chip right next to it, we found that the built-in strain on this particular pillar was negligible. COVID-19 vaccines do not contain ingredients that can produce an electromagnetic field at the site of your injection. Some manufacturers rely on a single magnet for their magnetic level gauges which causes the strength of the north field to be identical to, and as weak as, the south field. [39] Persinger reports that "at least" 80 percent of his participants experience a presence beside them in the room,[40] and others report less evocative experiences of "another consciousness or sentient being". [37] In contrast, Persinger's apparatus uses weak complex magnetic signals patterned after physiological processes, such as one derived from limbic burst firing. Historically, the term ferromagnetism was used for any material that could exhibit spontaneous magnetization: a net magnetic moment in the absence of an external magnetic field; that is any material that could become a magnet.This general definition is still in common use. [51], One published attempt to test Persinger's theories regarding the psychological effects of environmental magnetic fields, used whole-body exposure to magnetic fields and ultrasound in freely-moving participants to create a "haunted room" within which it was hoped subjects would sense a "presence". The extent to which this is the case depends on the strength of the background magnetic field. Commun. 8(a) and Fig. Combined with the experimentally demonstrated reversible tunability, we rule out switching of the lateral layer-stacking arrangement as the cause of AFM-FM phase transition. "[8], Jack Hitt, a journalist from Wired magazine, visited Persinger's lab in 1999 and expressed confusion over Persinger's post-stimulation debriefing ("One question: Did the red bulb on the wall grow larger or smaller? A current can be induced in a conducting loop if it is exposed to a changing magnetic field. Li, T. et al. Mater. CAS 5, eaav9771 (2019). The direction of this magnetic field looks like this: point your right thumb in the direction of the current, then your fingers curl in the direction of the induced magnetic field. Downsides of eddy-current absorbers in such applications, compared to expensive AC-motor based dynamometers, is their inability to provide stall-speed (zero RPM) loading or to motor the engine - for starting or motoring (downhill simulation). 111, 172401 (2017). MYTH: Receiving a COVID-19 vaccine can make you magnetic. Matter 21, 395502 (2009). The direction of this magnetic field looks like this: point your right thumb in the direction of the current, then your fingers curl in the direction of the induced magnetic field. Electric currents and the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and magnetic moments. Magnetic order and symmetry in the 2D semiconductor CrSBr. The Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation publishes original, peer-reviewed research and clinical reports on important trends and developments in physical medicine and rehabilitation and related fields.This international journal brings researchers and clinicians authoritative information on the therapeutic utilization of physical, behavioral and Articles report on outcomes research, prospective studies, and controlled trials of new endoscopic instruments and treatment methods. Extended Data Fig. Our work creates new opportunities for harnessing the strain control of magnetism and other electronic states in low-dimensional materials and heterostructures. An eddy current brake, also known as an induction brake, electric brake or electric retarder, is a device used to slow or stop a moving object by generating eddy currents and thus dissipating its kinetic energy as heat. Scalebar: 10m. To obtain However, in a landmark paper in 1948, Louis Nel showed that there are two levels of magnetic alignment Eddy current brakes come in two geometries: The physical working principle is the same for both. The Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation publishes original, peer-reviewed research and clinical reports on important trends and developments in physical medicine and rehabilitation and related fields.This international journal brings researchers and clinicians authoritative information on the therapeutic utilization of physical, behavioral and For both magnetic and mechanical float level sensors, chemical compatibility, temperature, specific gravity (density), buoyancy, and viscosity affect the selection of the stem and the float. and J.C. conceived the experiment. Nature Nanotechnology thanks Wei Ji, Liang Wu and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. 13.6 Electric Generators and Back Emf. The choice of float material is also influenced by temperature-induced changes in specific gravity and viscosity changes that directly affect buoyancy. All-optical switching of magnetization in atomically thin CrI3. In situ strain tuning in hBN-encapsulated graphene electronic devices. FACT: Receiving a COVID-19 vaccine will not make you magnetic, including at the site of vaccination which is usually your arm. The data presented in the paper were taken in the center of the high strain region. 8(b) show the variation of the magnetic field; Fig. 8(a) and Fig. Nat. The first-principles calculation is mainly supported by NSF MRSEC DMR-1719797. 4 DFT scalar-relativistic calculations of strain effects on band gap and interlayer magnetic ordering. Wilson, N. P. et al. The data are shown in Fig. 03 November 2022. J.C. designed and built the strain cell, with assistance from Z.L., and J.-H.C., E.A. 2c, bottom inset), all the spins are aligned, resulting in a field-induced FM state (Fig. Using the previously reported37 strain shift rate yields a calibration which is essentially the same as that determined from the graphene spectra. Science 360, 12141218 (2018). COVID-19 vaccines do not contain ingredients that can produce an electromagnetic field at the site of your injection. In reality, as the current rises, the deflection rises with it. A current carrying solenoid produces similar pattern of magnetic field as a bar magnet. Mutch, J. et al. In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B over that surface. Eddy current brakes are used to slow high-speed trains and roller coasters, as a complement for friction brakes in semi-trailer trucks to help prevent brake wear and overheating, to stop powered tools quickly when power is turned off, and in electric meters used by electric utilities. 8(d) show the variation of the dB/dt. The kinetic energy of the vehicle's motion is dissipated in Joule heating by the eddy currents passing through the disk's resistance, so like conventional friction disk brakes, the disk becomes hot. Phys. 9 Fully-relativistic Kohn-Sham DFT band structures of bulk CrSBr with 1.5% uniaxial strain applied along the a axis. a, Intensity plot of PL as a function of strain as the piezo voltage is swept down from a high strain state. They can only travel in straight lines or curved paths, which means they can never make a sudden, abrupt change in direction. Switching of the magnetic anisotropy via strain in two dimensional multiferroic materials: CrSX (X=Cl, Br, I). We thank K. Seyler, D. Cobden and M. Yankowitz for their helpful discussions on the strain devices. [35][36], Neither the God Helmet, nor technologies derived from it, are examples of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which uses magnetic fields on the order of one million times stronger than those used in Persinger's lab. Science 368, 7176 (2020). Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that are mediated by a magnetic field, which refers to the capacity to induce attractive and repulsive phenomena in other entities. Chem. The sign switching from positive to negative as strain increases indicates a strain-induced AFM to FM transition, denoted by the dashed black line. Persinger and Koren designed the God Helmet in an attempt to create conditions in which contributions to the sense of self from both cerebral hemispheres is disrupted. a, Strain dependent PL measurements of a second exfoliated CrSBr sample. [20][21] Persinger argues that the two hemispheres make different contributions to a single sense of self, but under certain conditions can appear as two separate 'selves'. Adv. 13.4 Induced Electric Fields. Rev. Magnetic level gauges may also be designed to accommodate severe environmental conditions up to 210 bars at 370C. Magn. Extended Data Fig. James Clerk Maxwell FRSE FRS (13 June 1831 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician and scientist responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. 1. In contrast, high-end AC-motor dynamometers cleanly return the engine's power to the grid. Guidelines and Measures provides users a place to find information about AHRQ's legacy guidelines and measures clearinghouses, National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and National Quality Measures Clearinghouse (NQMC) volume17,pages 256261 (2022)Cite this article. The eddy current brake is unusable at low speeds, but can be used at high speeds for emergency braking and service braking.[1]. Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field. The God helmet is an experimental apparatus originally called the Koren helmet after its inventor Stanley Koren. In reality, as the current rises, the deflection rises with it. An eddy current brake consists of a conductive piece of metal, either a straight bar or a disk, which moves through the magnetic field of a magnet, either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.When it moves past the stationary magnet, the magnet exerts a drag force on the metal which opposes its motion, due to circular electric currents called eddy currents induced Due to the nearly orthogonal Br p orbitals in the super-super exchange pathway, the magnetic coupling is mediated by the weak on-site interaction between the p orbitals (Hunds rule) in both Br. 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