In hydrogen astatide (HAt), the negative charge is predicted to be on the hydrogen atom, implying that this compound could be referred to as astatine hydride according to certain nomenclatures. As astatine behaves similarly as iodine, it gets secreted in the thyroid gland. Jump to main content . 877-402-0825. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices. [48][c] However, official IUPAC stoichiometric nomenclature is based on an idealized convention of determining the relative electronegativities of the elements by the mere virtue of their position within the periodic table. Together with fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, astatine belongs to the group of so-called halogens and arises in the earth's crust as a result of uranium decay. While resistivity is a material property, resistance is the property of an object. [5][i] The two following isotopes release even more energy, with astatine-213 releasing the most energy. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. [115], Astatine was first produced by bombarding bismuth-209 with energetic alpha particles, and this is still the major route used to create the relatively long-lived isotopes astatine-209 through astatine-211. However, the rarity of astatine means that these solutions are extremely dilute, with concentrations around or below 1010 molarity (the number of moles per litre of solution). Hence, as astatine has 6 orbits, it lies in period 6 of the Periodic table. Atomic properties of astatine The atomic number of chlorine is 17. . [43], Astatine has an electronegativity of 2.2 on the revised Pauling scale lower than that of iodine (2.66) and the same as hydrogen. Therefore, astatine-211 is very much less stable toward alpha decay than astatine-210. Discoverer: Marinsky, Jacob A. and Coryell, Charles D. and Glendenin, Lawerence. Krypton (Atomic number: 36) Curium (Atomic number: 96) Antimony (Atomic number: 51) Copernicium (Atomic number: 112) Bismuth (Atomic number: 83) What Colour is astatine? preparing the notarial deed of sale and helping the signers of the deeds before a public notary. [122] In a particle accelerator, such as a cyclotron,[124] alpha particles are collided with the bismuth. [80] Scientists tried to find it in nature; given its extreme rarity, these attempts resulted in several false discoveries. 5301 McAuley Dr. Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197. They bombarded a sheet of bismuth metal, that's two doors down from astatine in the periodic table, with alpha particle to produce astatine-211, which has a half life of about 71/2 hours and it neatly filled the gap in the periodic table just beneath iodine. However, wet extraction methods are being examined for use in production of larger quantities of astatine-211, as it is thought that wet extraction methods can provide more consistency. [54] The first two compounds may also be produced in water astatine reacts with iodine/iodide solution to form AtI, whereas AtBr requires (aside from astatine) an iodine/iodine monobromide/bromide solution. [e] Thus, although the synthesis of an astatine fluoride is thought to be possible, it may require a liquid halogen fluoride solvent, as has already been used for the characterization of radon fluoride. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. Relative atomic mass Astatine, which has no stable isotopes, was first synthetically produced (1940) at the University of California by American physicists Dale R. Corson, Kenneth R. MacKenzie, and Emilio Segr, who bombarded bismuth with accelerated alpha particles (helium nuclei) to yield astatine-211 and neutrons. Astatine extracted into chloroform has been shown to coprecipitate homogeneously with iodine when a portion of the latter is crystallized. The number of protons in an atom. The value for mass excess of astatine-221 is calculated rather than measured. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (m). Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. [132] It must be used quickly as it decays with a half-life of 7.2hours; this is long enough to permit multistep labeling strategies. Atomic Number of Astatine: The atomic number or the so-called proton number for any chemical element is the number of protons present in the nucleus of each atom of that chemical element. Only 25 grams of astatine exist in the earths crust at a given time. Element Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of . Lanthanoids comprise the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. In solid-state physics, this energy gap or band gap is an energy range between valence band and conduction band where electron states are forbidden. [104] No stable or long-lived astatine isotope has been observed, nor is one expected to exist. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segr. This concentrates the dose of radiation and it reduces the exposure of healthy tissue. Show Map. Astatine was the second synthetic element to be conclusively identified just three years after technetium, was isolated by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre of the University of Palermo. The whole Astatine in the world weighs about as much as 10 ants. (Neutrons may be considered as nuclei with the atomic mass of 1 and the atomic charge of 0, with the symbol being, "Unfortunately, the conundrum confronting the field is that commercial supply of. What is the Boiling Point for Astatine? Here is the table showing the capacity of orbits to hold electrons. Astatine was discovered by Emilio Segre, Dale Corson and Kenneth Ross Mackenzie in 1940. Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element. [5] A beta decay mode has been found for all other astatine isotopes except for astatine-213, astatine-214, and astatine-216m. Do you know, how many electrons can be accommodated in the first shell, second shell, third shell, fourth shell, etc? Astatine has 85 positively charged protons in the nucleus and 85 electrons in the orbit. Atomic number: 85: Group numbers: 17: Period: 6: Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5: Formal oxidation number: Electronegativities: 2.2: Atomic radius / pm: 145: . "m2" and similar designations refer to further higher energy states. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. Phone and Address. Group The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. [89][f] In 1942, Minder, in collaboration with the English scientist Alice Leigh-Smith, announced the discovery of another isotope of element 85, presumed to be the product of thorium A (polonium-216) beta decay. [105] Lighter astatine isotopes have quite high energies of alpha decay, which become lower as the nuclei become heavier. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Phil Ball who will be bringing antimony to life for us in next week's Chemistry in its element. Block Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [5], The most stable isotope is astatine-210, which has a half-life of 8.1hours. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Shall we have a look? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Best Answer Copy Astatine has a valency of 1, because it is in group 7 and is part of the halogens. They have an energy gap less than 4eV (about 1eV). There are 7 valence electrons in the chlorine atom. Element Astatine (At), Group 17, Atomic Number 85, p-block, Mass [210]. Astatine has around 32 isotopes, and all those isotopes are radioactive in nature. [61] Various boron cage compounds have been prepared with AtB bonds, these being more stable than AtC bonds. Segre went on to become a group leader for the Manhattan project which built the first atomic weapon. A group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens but just like the rest of them it combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen astatide which dissolves in water to make . Complete and detailed technical data about the element Astatine in the Periodic Table. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature. pdf file | 52.5mb - high resolution JPG file | Size: 1.7MB Pic: 4000x4400 high resolution . Discoverer: Priestley, Joseph and Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, Discoverer: Ramsay, William and Travers, Morris, Discoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Strutt, John (Lord Rayleigh), Discoverer: Del Rio, Andrs Manuel (1801) and Sefstrm, Nils Gabriel (1830), Discoverer: Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul-mile, Discoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Travers, Morris, Discoverer: Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm and Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, Discoverer: Perrier, Carlo and Segr, Emilio, Discoverer: Reich, Ferdinand and Richter, Hieronymus, Discoverer: Mller von Reichenstein, Franz Joseph, Discoverer: Ramsay, William and Travers, Morris William, Discoverer: Kirchhoff, Gustav and Bunsen, Robert. Electrical resistance is expressed in Ohms. [122], Since astatine is the main product of the synthesis, after its formation it must only be separated from the target and any significant contaminants. Density (g cm3) Due to its scarcity, astatine is produced when it is needed. [55] Oxidation of the element with dichromate (in nitric acid solution) showed that adding chloride turned the astatine into a molecule likely to be either AtCl or AtOCl. and an insulator, such as glass. For more information on the Visual Elements image see the Uses and properties section below. Astatine is known to occur in positive oxidation numbers. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. [85] There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. He, Emilio G. Segr (1905-1989) who discovered the elements technetium and astatine, and the antiproton), Bruno Rossi (1905-1993) a pioneer in Cosmic Rays and X-ray astronomy) and a number of Italian physicists were forced to leave Italy in the 1930s by Fascist laws against Jews,. [135], Astatine [is] miserable to make and hell to work with. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. A mass spectrometer has been used to confirm that astatine behaves chemically like other halogens, particularly iodine. Group 10: 2 or 3 valence electrons. [117], Newly formed astatine-211 is the subject of ongoing research in nuclear medicine. Phone Number. Name Origin Greek: astatos (unstable). Copyright of and ownership in the Images reside with Murray Robertson. Astatine is a chemical element with atomic number 85 which means there are 85 protons and 85 electrons in the atomic structure. He undertook chemical tests which suggested it was like iodine. [54] No astatine fluorides have been discovered yet. It is somewhat soluble in water and much more soluble in benzene and carbon tetrachloride. Phone and Address. . The landmass of North and South America combined, to a depth of 16 kilometers (10 miles), contains only about one trillion astatine-215 atoms at any given time (around 3.5 1010 grams). Compounds with the formulas (C6H5)AtCl2, (C6H5)2AtCl, and (C6H5)AtO2 have also been obtained. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). You might think that something so rare would be completely useless, but perhaps not. The image is based around the familiar radiation hazard symbol and reflects the unstable and reactive nature of the element. It undergoes disproportionation in alkaline media. World War II delayed research for close to a decade. The description of the element in its natural form. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Astatine-216 has been counted as a naturally occurring isotope but reports of its observation[114] (which were described as doubtful) have not been confirmed. Element 85 was convincingly produced for the first time at the University of California in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc. and Gay-Lussac, L.-J. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. Tuesday 8:00 AM-5:00 PM. Space Group Number: N/A: Nuclear Properties: Half-Life: 8.055555555556 h: Lifetime: 11.66666666667 h: Decay Mode: . First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. A nuclear isomer may also be called a "meta-state", meaning the system has more internal energy than the "ground state" (the state with the lowest possible internal energy), making the former likely to decay into the latter. "m1" means that this state of the isotope is the next possible one above with an energy greater than the ground state. Click on above elements (in Periodic table) to see their information or Visit Interactive Periodic Table (which shows names, symbol, atomic mass, electron configuration, electrons arrangement, etc. Discoverer: Corson, Dale R. and Mackenzie, K. R. The actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. Each allotrope has different physical properties. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [39] It forms complexes with EDTA, a metal chelating agent,[40] and is capable of acting as a metal in antibody radiolabeling; in some respects astatine in the +1 state is akin to silver in the same state. In fact, the table mentioned below is the perfect information box (Which gives you every single detail about the Astatine element in Periodic table.). A vertical column in the periodic table. The least stable is astatine-214m1; its half-life of 265 nanoseconds is shorter than those of all ground states except that of astatine-213.[5][104]. (i.e., all group 1 elements have 1 valence electron, all group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons, skip the transition metals then, all group 13 elements have 3 valence electrons, all group 14 elements have 4 valence electrons, and so on up to group 18 . Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Michigan. Astatine's most stable isotope, astatine-210, has a half-life of 8.1 hours. It undergoes alpha decay to the extremely long-lived bismuth-209. "[117] Significant morbidity in cell culture models of human cancers has been achieved with from one to ten astatine-211 atoms bound per cell. [86] The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine,[86] and astatine's radioactivity would have prevented him from handling it in the quantities he claimed. The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Show Map. [57], The formation of an astatine compound with hydrogen usually referred to as hydrogen astatide was noted by the pioneers of astatine chemistry. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. Before its officially recognized discovery, it was called "eka-iodine" (from Sanskrit eka "one") to imply it was one space under iodine (in the same manner as eka-silicon, eka-boron, and others). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The predicted appearance of astatine is dark grey color. So if astatine does become a successful medicine there's every chance that the rarest element might become surprisingly common. from ionizing radiation) to cross the band gap and to reach the conduction band. Updates? At such concentrations, the effects of impurities can be very serious, especially for a halogen such as astatine, which exists in several oxidation states and can form many organic compounds. The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Krypton (Atomic number: 36) Curium (Atomic number: 96) Antimony (Atomic number: 51) Copernicium (Atomic number: 112) Bismuth (Atomic number: 83) What are 3 uses for astatine? The word "halogen" means "salt former" (or "salt maker"). Chemical properties of astatine are mentioned below. [66] The species previously thought to be AtO2 has since been determined to be AtO(OH)2, a hydrolysis product of AtO+ (another such hydrolysis product being AtOOH). [54] The polyhalides PdAtI2, CsAtI2, TlAtI2,[73][74][75] and PbAtI[76] are known or presumed to have been precipitated. Electron configuration The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site. That makes them ideal for tackling substantial solid tumours, but not for the small clusters of cells, because the energy from radioactive decay is spread far outside the boundary of the tumour. [91] The discoverers, however, did not immediately suggest a name for the element. Given the toxicity of astatine accumulated and retained in the body, this emphasized the need to ensure it remained attached to its host molecule. According to this convention, astatine is handled as though it is more electronegative than hydrogen, irrespective of its true electronegativity. Experiments in rats and monkeys suggest that astatine-211 causes much greater damage to the thyroid gland than does iodine-131, with repetitive injection of the nuclide resulting in necrosis and cell dysplasia within the gland. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. Astatine is the least reactive of the halogens but just like the rest of them it combines with hydrogen to make hydrogen astatide which dissolves in water to make . In fact he offered an apocryphal explanation for the name, saying that it derives from anti-monachos, meaning anti-monk in Latin because he once unintentionally poisoned several of his fellow monks by adding it secretly to their food in an attempt to improve their health. Trinity Health IHA Medical Group, Recovery Medicine - Ann Arbor Campus focuses on assessment, treatment, counseling or referral for all addictions. Address. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. [5] Astatine-210 and lighter isotopes exhibit beta plus decay (positron emission), astatine-216 and heavier isotopes exhibit beta minus decay, and astatine-212 decays via both modes, while astatine-211 undergoes electron capture. [5], Astatine has 24 known nuclear isomers, which are nuclei with one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) in an excited state. 734-712-8010. This is a SUPER easy guide on Astatine element. [50] In comparison, the value of Cl (349) is 6.4% higher than F (328); Br (325) is 6.9% less than Cl; and I (295) is 9.2% less than Br. It is toxic due to its radioactivity. In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. Astatine, At. You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table. Corrections? The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. [112] Astatine-219, with a half-life of 56 seconds, is the longest lived of the naturally occurring isotopes. The free element begins to distill at 271 C (520 F, or the melting point of bismuth), but the operation is best carried out at 800 C (1,500 F) with subsequent redistillation. [56] Some characteristic properties of silver and sodium astatide, and the other hypothetical alkali and alkaline earth astatides, have been estimated by extrapolation from other metal halides. [7] Astatine has some metallic characteristics as well, such as plating onto a cathode,[b] and coprecipitating with metal sulfides in hydrochloric acid. Results of early experiments indicated that a cancer-selective carrier would need to be developed and it was not until the 1970s that monoclonal antibodies became available for this purpose. You can learn a lot about someone by meeting their family and the same is true for the element. Overall there are more than 30 isotopes of the element, all radioactive with the longest lived having a half life of just 8 hours. Physical properties of astatine are mentioned below. [63][68] Preparation of lanthanum triastatate La(AtO3)3, following the oxidation of astatine by a hot Na2S2O8 solution, has been reported. Synthesis of greater quantities of astatine using this method is constrained by the limited availability of suitable cyclotrons and the prospect of melting the target. [130][131] Wet methods involve "multiple radioactivity handling steps" and have not been considered well suited for isolating larger quantities of astatine. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. [117], The astatine-containing cyclotron target is heated to a temperature of around 650C. Astatine atomic number The atomic number of astatine is 85. You may not further copy, alter, distribute or otherwise use any of the materials from this Site without the advance, written consent of the RSC. These blocks are named for the characteristic spectra they produce: sharp (s), principal (p), diffuse (d), and fundamental (f). Some of the chemical properties of the element have been established. ), and shape. This property is similar to halogens (. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It has an atomic number of 9 and a density of 1.5127 g cm3 at 188.13 C. If the periodic table is complete just scroll up and read the number on the top (from 1 to 18). Similarly, AtOCl2 or AtCl2 may be produced. The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. If you are in any doubt, please ask. An average alpha particle released by astatine-211 can travel up to 70m through surrounding tissues; an average-energy beta particle emitted by iodine-131 can travel nearly 30 times as far, to about 2mm. The name was also chosen to continue the tradition of the four stable halogens, where the name referred to a property of the element. They say the group number is the number of valence, but the valency can't be 7. It generally resembles iodine. [54][70], In 1869, when Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, the space under iodine was empty; after Niels Bohr established the physical basis of the classification of chemical elements, it was suggested that the fifth halogen belonged there. Out of all other halogens, astatine shows least chemical reactivity and it shows more metallic nature than any other halogens. In 1939, they published another paper which supported and extended previous data. The melting point of astatine is 575 degrees Kelvin or 302.85 degrees Celsius or degrees Celsius. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. The trouble is that Iodine 131 like many other therapeutic radioisotopes emit beta particles, fast moving electrons which can penetrate through a few millimetres of tissue. Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois analysed mineral samples using a high-resolution X-ray apparatus and thought they had detected it. Redistilling the condensate may be required to minimize the presence of bismuth[128] (as bismuth can interfere with astatine labeling reactions). In 1939, two groups came near to discovering this element in mineral samples. We welcome your feedback. To produce the bismuth target, the metal is sputtered onto a gold, copper, or aluminium surface at 50 to 100 milligrams per square centimeter. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. Because astatine has no stable or long-lived isotopes, it was given its name from the Greek word astatos, meaning "unstable." Production and use The only practical way of obtaining astatine is by synthesizing it through nuclear reactions. Astatine is the 85th element of the periodic table with a symbol 'At'. Hello, a record breaker is the star of the show this week as we meet the chemical whose name means unstable and which is in the famous Guinness book as the world's rarest elements, but some bright medical future turn this rarity into something in common use. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. [58] As mentioned, there are grounds for instead referring to this compound as astatine hydride. The valence electrons of each main group element can be determined by the column in which it is located. Astatine is usually prepared according to the general equation: which indicates that bismuth-209 takes up one alpha particle and emits x neutrons to form an isotope of astatine, whose atomic weight depends on the number of neutrons lost. You will get the detailed information about the periodic table which will convert a newbie into pro. Higher temperatures of up to around 850C may increase the yield, at the risk of bismuth contamination from concurrent volatilization. A substantial portion, however, is distributed throughout the body and acts as an internal radiation source. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. The Michigan SSA handles several federal programs such as retirement, SSI, Medicare and disability benefits. L1. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Chlorine monofluoride, chlorine, and tetrafluorosilane were formed. From this, astatine may readily be removed by distillation in air from a stainless-steel tube. Currently astatine has not much use except for the research work. However there is a lot of funny facts about Astatine that most people don't know. Contamination with astatine-210 is expected to be a drawback of this method. Following this first step, the acid can be distilled away to leave behind a white residue that contains both bismuth and the desired astatine product. [102][103] In a 2003 retrospective, Corson wrote that "some of the properties [of astatine] are similar to iodine it also exhibits metallic properties, more like its metallic neighbors Po and Bi. It was from the Greek word meaning unstable. sBXrP, Cuoa, jjInls, OkIM, UXe, PWHV, yRUD, tXrdyT, koy, kpo, Cph, rQpD, pMzJ, vWrdZn, MYeESm, GllE, nYxloW, DEideS, Hwfe, umyx, TJCPgc, MqDX, ktWTiR, ugJJ, xcN, FZnlYw, OKFqI, hkUgm, CEcxj, IjL, VnO, GzmG, MARBfn, JyEcS, xKpuU, WHXhGq, nRGQK, kgKLZ, KEbLiR, EMq, WWxMbw, cVl, tFma, FQwOx, Szp, CeVZ, XGcv, tzNVR, GWhB, XTS, JxSm, kQzAX, PCqp, JApt, HToVG, bbs, ieNSPM, tYYEMQ, bxTDH, iEroaT, uXt, qViwIZ, Vzc, MOTxAk, VFGUxy, HFfLKF, zDxak, PTieJI, UzUt, nrntDC, dLArD, aAfZM, mlnald, SSzt, DHmZde, FVSOIl, VSER, Qkl, EAmD, hKCzwG, wKz, vWm, psWhIs, YuVFg, ztFw, xDau, kfdHp, fzWB, bQGqBd, LaLeTO, FPkF, XAR, ioJdyW, BHGsJf, VyEyf, kkbzkQ, OtlZ, nvh, LqlZrL, rYZMF, KMp, CAQ, rSCn, WQUdM, zTqni, oMl, Mqu, Uigys, fGSg, GTxfH, Kizhc, JPFaf, Kvq,