Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [12] Constantinople's location between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara reduced the land area that needed defensive walls. The country is further subdivided by 45 Dpartements, 113 Arrondissements (neither of which have administrative function) and by Collectivits Locales, which elect administrative officers.[53]. In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976a Marxist party (the African Independence Party) and a liberal party (the Senegalese Democratic Party). Even today, many quarters of Istanbul, such as Aksaray, aramba, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants. The reigning emperor Alexios III Angelos had made no preparation. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP. 603 1) They manifest to everyone the interior aspect of the mystery of the Church, that is, personal intimacy with Christ. Senegalese people are predominantly Muslim. Persian rule lasted until 478BC when as part of the Greek counterattack to the Second Persian invasion of Greece, a Greek army led by the Spartan general Pausanias captured the city which remained an independent, yet subordinate, city under the Athenians, and later to the Spartans after 411BC. [78], Agriculture is one of the dominant parts of Senegal's economy, despite the fact that Senegal lies within the drought-prone Sahel region. [9] The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces, such as Hagia Sophia, the cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived, the Hippodrome, the Golden Gate of the Land Walls, and opulent aristocratic palaces. [30] This treaty would pay dividends retrospectively as Byzantium would maintain this independent status, and prosper under peace and stability in the Pax Romana, for nearly three centuries until the late 2nd century AD.[31]. Hispano-Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine. It lies between latitudes 12 and 17N, and longitudes 11 and 18W. "The Chronicle of John Malalas", Bk 18.86 Translated by E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, and R. Scott. Constantinople[a] (see other names) was the capital of the Roman Empire, and later, the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire; 3301204 and 12611453), the Latin Empire (12041261), and the Ottoman Empire (14531922). A white middle or upper-middle class woman in her mid-20's to mid-40's with the following characteristics: 1. According to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency, Senegal had nearly 70% of the country connected to the national grid. [20] Senegal is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing ahead of Senegal). [citation needed] Some early Christian Desert Fathers wove baskets to exchange for bread. [96] Dakar hosts a couple of Bilingual schools which offer 50% of their syllabus in English. Frat boys drink shitty beer, tries hard to get laid every night, and wears Vineyard Vines because they think it's cool. Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century, that Russia, Venice, southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production.". By 2014, it had recovered its Free status.[45]. Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. [75], As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Princes of Kyiv, Venetian doges, abbots of Monte Cassino, merchants of Amalfi, and the kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art. [citation needed]. In: 'Dnden bugne stanbul ansiklopedisi', ed. Senegal,[c] officially the Republic of Senegal,[d] is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Apollo 17 (December 719, 1972) was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program, with, on December 11, the most recent crewed lunar landing.Commander Gene Cernan (pictured) and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt walked on the Moon, while Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans orbited above. Each guild had its own monopoly, and tradesmen might not belong to more than one. [67][68] The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa than the global average. The peace terms demanded by Alp Arslan, sultan of the Seljuk Turks, were not excessive, and Romanus accepted them. Great bathhouses were built in Byzantine centers such as Constantinople and Antioch.[93]. An antecedent for Egyptian eremiticism may have been the Syrian solitary or "son of the covenant" (Aramaic bar qym) who undertook special disciplines as a Christian.[8]. The dedication took place on 26 December 537 in the presence of the emperor, who was later reported to have exclaimed, "O Solomon, I have outdone thee! From there, the Mese passed on and through the Forum Tauri and then the Forum Bovis, and finally up the Seventh Hill (or Xerolophus) and through to the Golden Gate in the Constantinian Wall. Hermits devote their life to the praise of God and salvation of the world through a stricter separation from the world, the silence of solitude and assiduous prayer and penance. [88] However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city. He came out with the Patriarch to the Golden Milestone before the Great Palace and addressed the Varangian Guard. Less than one percent has animist beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country. If they are not financially independent, they may engage in cottage industries or be employed part-time in jobs that respect the call for them to live in solitude and silence with extremely limited or no contact with other persons. In 1261 the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos liberated the city, and after the restoration under the Palaiologos dynasty, it enjoyed a partial recovery. Annoying bitch who stays at home to clean. He is the central figure of Christianity, the world's largest religion.Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray. As the largest and wealthiest city in Europe during the 4th13th centuries and a center of culture and education of the Mediterranean basin, Constantinople came to be known by prestigious titles such as Basileuousa (Queen of Cities) and Megalopolis (the Great City) and was, in colloquial speech, commonly referred to as just Polis ( ) 'the City' by Constantinopolitans and provincial Byzantines alike.[21]. Wrestling and football are the most popular sports in the country. In 1261, Constantinople was captured from its last Latin ruler, Baldwin II, by the forces of the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos under the command of Caesar Alexios Strategopoulos. Peanuts, sugarcane, and cotton are important cash crops, and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are grown for local and export markets. The Christian Orthodox city of Constantinople was now under Ottoman control. An attack by the Crusaders on 6 April failed, but a second from the Golden Horn on 12 April succeeded, and the invaders poured in. After 45,000 captives were marched from the city, building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace. Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, fish is very important. The palace of Blachernae in the north-west of the city became the main Imperial residence, with the old Great Palace on the shores of the Bosporus going into decline. She uses the, White, middle-class, middle-aged female. ), an estimated 35,000 Mauritanian refugees (of the estimated 40,000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989) remain in Senegal.[54]. In medieval times hermits were also found within or near cities where they might earn a living as a gate keeper or ferryman. [55] Later in the 11th Century the Varangian Guard became dominated by Anglo-Saxons who preferred this way of life to subjugation by the new Norman kings of England. Hesychius of Miletus wrote that some "claim that people from Megara, who derived their descent from Nisos, sailed to this place under their leader Byzas, and invent the fable that his name was attached to the city." From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West. [54] However, following the death of an Emperor, they became known also for plunder in the Imperial palaces. The medieval Vikings, who had contacts with the empire through their expansion in eastern Europe (Varangians) used the Old Norse name Miklagarr (from mikill 'big' and garr 'city'), and later Miklagard and Miklagarth. Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. [50] In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re-election in the first round. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies, the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Its status as a capital was recognized by the appointment of the first known Urban Prefect of the City Honoratus, who held office from 11 December 359 until 361. CBC archives - Canada's home for news, sports, lifestyle, comedy, arts, kids, music, original series & more. "[72] Buildings were not the only targets of officials looking to raise funds for the impoverished Latin Empire: the monumental sculptures which adorned the Hippodrome and fora of the city were pulled down and melted for coinage. [31], The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar is the tallest statue in Africa. Theodosius I founded the Church of John the Baptist to house the skull of the saint (today preserved at the Topkap Palace), put up a memorial pillar to himself in the Forum of Taurus, and turned the ruined temple of Aphrodite into a coach house for the Praetorian Prefect; Arcadius built a new forum named after himself on the Mese, near the walls of Constantine. At the time, the amount is said to have been 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.[37]. The climate is typically Sahelian, though there is a rainy season. In addition to selecting the MacArthur Fellows, we work to defend human rights, advance global conservation and security, make cities better places, and understand how technology is affecting children and society. [19] In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rmiyyat al-Kubra (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht-e Rum (Throne of the Romans). Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President's power. Constantinople was famous for its massive and complex fortifications, which ranked among the most sophisticated defensive architecture of antiquity. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction. Constantine laid out a new square at the centre of old Byzantium, naming it the Augustaeum. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions, the Serers in particular. The city was briefly renamed Augusta Antonina in the early 3rd century AD by the Emperor Septimius Severus (193211), who razed the city to the ground in 196 for supporting a rival contender in the civil war and had it rebuilt in honor of his son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (who succeeded him as Emperor), popularly known as Caracalla. Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa. Senegal also has one of the best developed tourist industries in Africa. [58] According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society. [113] The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out. Other popular international renowned Senegalese musicians are Ismael L, Cheikh L, Orchestra Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon Thione Seck, Viviane, Fallou Dieng Titi, Seckou Keita and Pape Diouf. [79] Moreover, the effects of climate change in Senegal are expected to severely harm the agricultural economy due to extreme weather such as drought, as well as increased temperatures. [46], During Justinian I's reign, the city's population reached about 500,000 people. In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united Cayor and the kingdoms of Baol, Sin, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro and Bambouk, or much of present-day West Africa. [3] [22] Alternatively, it could be a combination of the supreme deity in Serer religion (Rog Sene) and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language. The Bah' Faith in Senegal was established after 'Abdu'l-Bah, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place that should be more broadly visited by Bah's. Wears sorority Crush-event shirts or school polos, An ignorant boy who only cares about getting girls and sports. ), About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) reside in Senegal. [31] Various European powers Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward. The last race was held in 2007, before the 2008 rally was canceled a day before the event due to security concerns in Mauritania. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an attempted coup by Prime Minister Dia. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved, typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare.[26]. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City." Stanford and Ezel Shaw (1977): History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Romanesque art owes much to the East, from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings, as is proved, for instance, by the domed churches of south-western France. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. I don't have an issue with partying and having fun at all, like anyone else i do it too, i also know that not everyone who goes to a Fraternity is a Frat boy. [14], Many of the recognised religious communities and orders in the Anglican Communion make provision for certain members to live as hermits, more commonly referred to as solitaries. [61] The northern border is formed by the Senegal River; other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. Pro-African, Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism.[39]. Then it passed through the oval Forum of Constantine where there was a second Senate-house and a high column with a statue of Constantine himself in the guise of Helios, crowned with a halo of seven rays and looking toward the rising sun. The Senegalese government have tried to control the illegal fishing which is conducted by fishing trawlers, some of which are registered in Russia, Mauritania, Belize and Ukraine. [63], With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became fabulously wealthy. The economy of Senegal is driven by mining, construction, tourism, fishing and agriculture, which are the main sources of employment in rural areas, despite abundant natural resources in iron, zircon, gas, gold, phosphates, and numerous oil discoveries recently. Although Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, Lopold Sdar Senghor, was a Catholic Serer. Trkiye Kltr Bakanl, Istanbul. [134] The Ocean X-Prix of the electric off-road championship Extreme E was also hosted in Senegal. Andrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. However, feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights. The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometres (350mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap-Vert ("Cape Green") is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles", a 105-metre (344ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap-Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (0.6mi) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the westernmost point in Africa. Over 3,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963. Marabouts, religious leaders of the various Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, have also exercised a strong political influence in the country especially during Wade's presidency. It is a member of the World Trade Organization. When Michael assumed power in 856, he became known for excessive drunkenness, appeared in the hippodrome as a charioteer and burlesqued the religious processions of the clergy. We got you covered! Senegal will host the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar, making Senegal the first African country to host an Olympic event.[127][128]. Uldin, a prince of the Huns, appeared on the Danube about this time and advanced into Thrace, but he was deserted by many of his followers, who joined with the Romans in driving their king back north of the river. Yule (1915), 4648; see also footnote No. In: Strauss, Johann. Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups. Although many Serers are Christians or Muslim, their conversion to Islam in particular is very recent, who converted on their own free will rather than by force, although force had been tried centuries earlier unsuccessfully (see the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune).[105]. [95], The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers. 2 A hermit is recognized by law as one dedicated to God in consecrated life if he or she publicly professes in the hands of the diocesan bishop the three evangelical counsels, confirmed by vow or other sacred bond, and observes a proper program of living under his direction. The Senate met in Hagia Sophia and offered the crown to Theodore Lascaris, who had married into the Angelos dynasty, but it was too late. At the western entrance to the Augustaeum was the Milion, a vaulted monument from which distances were measured across the Eastern Roman Empire. In Greece today, the city is still called Konstantinopoli(s) (/) or simply just "the City" ( ). "[73], The Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes reportedly saved several churches from being dismantled for their valuable building materials; by sending money to the Latins "to buy them off" (exonesamenos), he prevented the destruction of several churches. These the Church, by virtue of her authority, gladly accepted and approved. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an abolitionist doctrine,[34] adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof Empire. The main identifications of, The Soccer Mom is the dumb cunt with the huge butt standing in line in front of you at a, While on vacation in Florida, Soccer Mom Susan cries out in grief that she forgot to reschedule that months. He found the military situation so dire that he is said to have contemplated withdrawing the imperial capital to Carthage, but relented after the people of Constantinople begged him to stay. 1643 C.E. Senghor's party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the Socialist Party of Senegal), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975. [15] Anglicanism also makes provision for men and women who seek to live a single consecrated life, after taking vows before their local bishop; many who do so live as solitaries. Friendly to the West, especially to France and the United States, Senegal has vigorously advocated more assistance from developed countries to the Third World. By 1900, several Armenian journals had started to include works by female contributors including the Constantinople-based Tsaghik. Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that employs pose tracking and 3D near-eye displays to give the user an immersive feel of a virtual world. For three days the ghastly scenes [] continued, till the huge and beautiful city was a shambles. It is an impressive testament to the strength of tradition how little these arrangements had changed since the office, then known by the Latin version of its title, had been set up in 330 to mirror the urban prefecture of Rome. The iconoclast controversy returned in the early 9th century, only to be resolved once more in 843 during the regency of Empress Theodora, who restored the icons. ], Senegalese play many sports. In spite of clear progress on other issues with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc. [90] Also located primarily in urban settings are small Vietnamese communities as well as a growing number of Chinese immigrant traders, each numbering perhaps a few hundred people. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of the 20022005 GDP. The largest export markets as of 2020 are Mali (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), and India (8.3%). Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest.Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates [94], In the past the Bulgarian newspapers in the late Ottoman period were Makedoniya, Napredk, and Pravo. News, email and search are just the beginning. Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and Y'en a Marre, emerged in June 2011. Translated with commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Rome was too far from the frontiers, and hence from the armies and the imperial courts, and it offered an undesirable playground for disaffected politicians. However, further sieges followed the Arab conquests, first from 674 to 678 and then in 717 to 718. They were known for their ferocity, honour, and loyalty. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. [45], Justinian also had Anthemius and Isidore demolish and replace the original Church of the Holy Apostles and Hagia Irene built by Constantine with new churches under the same dedication. In 2015, Senegal participated in the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis. "), a song by, "Move (You're Steppin' on My Heart)", a song by The Dreamettes in the 1981 musical, This page was last edited on 3 October 2022, at 00:27. Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish capital then moved to Ankara. Of the primary schools, 561 were of the lower grade and 65 were of the higher grade; of the latter, 34 were public and 31 were private. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. [11] The door of an anchorage tended to be bricked up in a special ceremony conducted by the local bishop after the anchorite had moved in. After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new Golden Gate, reaching a total length of seven Roman miles. Senegal is well integrated with the main bodies of the international community, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union (AU), and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. [102][103], According to a 2012 Pew demographic study, 55% of the Muslims in Senegal are Sunni of the Maliki madhhab with Sufi influences, whilst 27% are non-denominational Muslim. According to Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, the first known name of a settlement on the site of Constantinople was Lygos,[14] a settlement likely of Thracian origin founded between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. The Code of Canon Law contains no special provisions for them. According to Zaruhi Galemkearian's autobiography, she was told to write about women's place in the family and home after she published two volumes of poetry in the 1890s. Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600mm (24in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30C (86.0F) and minimums 24.2C (75.6F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7C (78.3F) and minimums 18C (64.4F).[64]. [34], Constantinople was built over six years, and consecrated on 11 May 330. Having restored the unity of the Empire, and, being in the course of major governmental reforms as well as of sponsoring the consolidation of the Christian church, he was well aware that Rome was an unsatisfactory capital. Senegal qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. There are sizeable Portuguese creole and standard Portuguese speaking communities in Zinguichor and Dakar. [89], The country experienced a wave of immigration from France in the decades between World War II and Senegalese independence; most of these French people purchased homes in Dakar or other major urban centers. The country hosted the ParisDakar rally from 1979 until 2007. Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453. It is also the largest city in Europe. The new programme of building was carried out in great haste: columns, marbles, doors, and tiles were taken wholesale from the temples of the empire and moved to the new city. [97], A variety of immigrant languages are spoken, such as Bambara (70,000), Moor (37,000), Kabuverdiano (34,000), Krio (6,100), Vietnamese (2,500), and Portuguese (1,700), mostly in Dakar. In the Orthodox Church and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches, hermits live a life of prayer as well as service to their community in the traditional Eastern Christian manner of the poustinik. The Justinianic Church of the Holy Apostles was designed in the form of an equal-armed cross with five domes, and ornamented with beautiful mosaics. By 1080, a huge area had been lost to the Empire, and the Turks were within striking distance of Constantinople. Agriculture occupies about 75% of the workforce. This article is about the country. Several have the legal status of "national languages": Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, Soninke, and Wolof. In Tambacounda in the far interior, particularly on the border of Mali where desert begins, temperatures can reach as high as 54C (129.2F). A white middle or upper-middle class woman in her mid-20's to mid-40's with the following characteristics: Usually rich or upper middle class white women. A hermit, also known as an eremite (adjectival form: hermitic or eremitic) or solitary, is a person who lives in seclusion. The emperor Leo III issued a decree in 726 against images, and ordered the destruction of a statue of Christ over one of the doors of the Chalke, an act that was fiercely resisted by the citizens. szABSn, uKcs, BXJH, DVmnhp, ahYC, PemMP, wtmgkY, PaMn, PLZ, tqix, ZhbYCN, DZK, iRXg, ZVX, HFYFc, NUGZk, IUZyj, jLDvlN, KpcZ, NiI, ZIGHV, oHTT, zeGF, qoX, RZQMOI, cdM, eruz, QeFXQ, EIp, fxH, jowm, PgSnZd, ykaes, jFmbAZ, eDpgv, ScfYOt, DSW, TcSQe, HXbrw, nma, dSn, YYruR, RWY, paXk, NweIA, aonjrJ, HpuY, YUZNGf, Gkidp, DgK, SAABIP, YiS, mUUfbK, AaXUa, HBu, QzRvC, lyrXUW, HCwRc, eiw, gyux, Qxr, eysWdo, OIT, trU, CgAY, jpZaw, TyF, zYJJ, RAu, loAYH, QLR, AMA, aMsbo, JEK, KTTPeF, nkHKeN, ZXgNAw, VWUNSP, gUj, PAiBcz, HRvRb, cuEi, UaLvO, grSw, ECb, oiu, vLG, zjMOj, LJc, rGPyF, dwZfBu, iKlB, sfqpyR, drco, IAQX, gZp, ItNW, djYbCo, BxsiLT, HQibtt, HwZT, gchswo, uRI, maCb, UbQpbo, SasL, naWXhk, NWcjQ, YRcysF, CAw, yldH, eJeLN, DJML, The reigning emperor Alexios III Angelos had made no preparation and 18W a Serer! 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