GAO/PEMD-10.1.2. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute, 1995. Administrator, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Five elements are critical for ensuring use of an evaluation, including design, preparation, feedback, follow-up, and dissemination. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Galen E. Cole, Ph.D., M.P.H. It is a practical, nonprescriptive tool, designed to summarize and organize the essential elements of program evaluation. Adhering to these six steps will facilitate an understanding of a program's context (e.g., the program's history, setting, and organization) and will improve how most evaluations are conceived and conducted. Assess skills development by program participants. Evaluation in health promotion: principles and perspectives. lessons learned, Evaluator credibility Examples of indicators that can be defined and tracked include measures of program activities (e.g., the program's capacity to deliver services; the participation rate; levels of client satisfaction; the efficiency of resource use; and the amount of intervention exposure) and measures of program effects (e.g., changes in participant behavior, community norms, policies or practices, health status, quality of life, and the settings or environment around the program). A successful evaluation will designate primary users early in its development and maintain frequent interaction with them so that the evaluation addresses their values and satisfies their unique information needs (7). National Center for Health Statistics: Marjorie S. Greenberg, M.A. VC0017) is a 5-hr distance-learning course that also uses the framework presented in this report. Improve the clarity of health communication messages. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Alison E. Kelly, M.P.I.A. ; Dennis F. Jarvis, M.P.H. So the emphasis of praxis is on reducing potential sources of unpredictability and on reaching common understandings among various stakeholders. Scriven M. Minimalist theory of evaluation: the least theory that practice requires. BOX 6. Information (i.e., evidence) should be perceived by stakeholders as believable and relevant for answering their questions. Although circumstances exist where controlled environments and elaborate analytic techniques are needed, most public health program evaluations do not require such methods. FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION IN PUBLIC HEALTH. High-quality data are reliable, valid, and informative for their intended use. Journal of Primary Prevention 1998;19(1):3-30. Giving and receiving feedback creates an atmosphere of trust among stakeholders; it keeps an evaluation on track by letting those involved stay informed regarding how the evaluation is proceeding. Research in the journal, Organization Science, has recently found a number of nationally oriented antenarratives that are utilized in cross border mergers and acquisitions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998:39-68. Making recommendations requires information concerning the context, particularly the organizational context, in which programmatic decisions will be made (89). 20, No. Applied Social Research Methods Series, vol 5. Theory as method: small theories of treatments. Office of the Director Context. The steps and standards are used together throughout the evaluation process. The sensemaking process was originally conceived as starting from the appearance of chaotic situations (Weick, 1988); situations that happen because of the ecology of life, whose meanings are not given.In other words, chaotic situations are trigger events that form the source of raw materials for the sensemaking process. Such information can be used to better describe program processes, to improve how the program operates, and to fine-tune the overall program strategy. ; Holly J. Dixon; Janice P. Hiland, M.A. Complex systems science clarifies when and why such assumptions fail and provides alternative frameworks for understanding the properties of complex systems. Recommendations. Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Accuracy/16-C, Information scope and selection Bell, M.P.H. The dynamics of narrative and antenarrative and their relation to story. HOME | As an independent publisher, SAGE Business & Management has been at the forefront of research and scholarship, marked by our influential journals, textbooks, and digital resources that unite theory and practice.We are committed to informing researchers and educating students to build a thriving global society and make a difference in a rapidly The description should discuss the program's capacity to effect change, its stage of development, and how it fits into the larger organization and community. Resource requirements could be reduced when users are willing to employ more timely but less precise evaluation methods. Where Causation in the physical sciences answers why with physical properties; antenarrative reorients why to embrace human intentionality, imagination, and agency. Indicators. Furthermore, the framework encourages an approach to evaluation that is integrated with routine program operations. Important figures in the field of management and organizational studies, their collaboration produced important works including the award winning book Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration and a series of papers which advance an open systems perspective on organizations. Seven utility standards (Box 13) address such items as identifying those who will be impacted by the evaluation, the amount and type of information collected, the values used in interpreting evaluation findings, and the clarity and timeliness of evaluation reports. One way to ensure that new and existing programs honor these principles is for each program to conduct routine, practical evaluations that provide information for management and improve program effectiveness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Kellogg Foundation) have also begun to emphasize the role of evaluation in their programming (24). Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992. publication no. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or Interest in program improvement and accountability continues to grow in government, private, and nonprofit sectors. In: Gray ST, ed. Hence a relevant question would be, how do people cope with interruption? In a recent description of the bet aspect of antenarrative Karl Weick has said "To talk about antenarrative as a bet is also to invoke an important structure in sense-making; namely, the presumption of logic (Meyer, 1956). Kellogg Foundation. quaintly linear and static conception the organization as an ice cube is so wildly inappropriate that this is difficult to see why it has not only survived but prospered. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980. Organize the report logically and include appropriate details. Accuracy/16-H During implementation, program activities are being field-tested and modified; the goal of evaluation is to characterize real, as opposed to ideal, program activities and to improve operations, perhaps by revising plans. Perrin B. Primary Users of the Evaluation. literary theory, linguistics, history, philosophy) and the domain of organisational practice (Starbuck 2003). Another concern centers on the perceived technical demands of designing and conducting an evaluation. WebGreek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The antenarrative is pre-narrative, a bet that a fragmented polyphonic story will make retrospective, narrative, sense in the future. Martin I. Meltzer, Ph.D., M.S. Evaluation can be tied to routine program operations when the emphasis is on practical, ongoing evaluation that involves all program staff and stakeholders, not just evaluation experts. Occasionally, stakeholders might be inclined to use their involvement in an evaluation to sabotage, distort, or discredit the program. We use a unique dataset of more than 4000 firms from 58 countries during 20022011. Characterizing the need (or set of needs) addressed by the program; Listing specific expectations as goals, objectives, and criteria for success; Clarifying why program activities are believed to lead to expected changes; Drawing an explicit logic model to illustrate relationships between program elements and expected changes; Assessing the program's maturity or stage of development; Analyzing the context within which the program operates; Considering how the program is linked to other ongoing efforts; and. Human interactions A simple, low-cost evaluation can deliver valuable results. U.S. General Accounting Office. Weicks complex theory aims to illuminate the process of organizing during which active agents construct sensible, sensable events (Weick, 1995, p. 4). 30333, U.S.A, http://ctb.lsi.ukans.edu/ctb/c30/ProgEval.html, http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n99-02.htm, http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/research/epp1/epp1.htm. Weicks basic sensemaking model (1969, 1979), subsequently elaborated in Sensemaking in organizations (1995), emphasizes communication processes for resolving equivocality in the information environment. Moreover, expr essive delivery, which . Fitzpatrick JL, Morris M, eds. Office of the Director: Lynda S. Doll, Ph.D., M.A. This represents an alternative to most assumptions from scientific management and shifts attention of organization scholars beyond internal dynamics to the external environment of an organization. Koplan JP. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) controversies and firm market value. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. Cook TD, Reichardt CS, eds. American Journal of Evaluation 1999:20(1):35-56. Evaluative inquiry for learning in organizations. Principles of community engagement. Experimental designs use random assignment to compare the effect of an intervention with otherwise equivalent groups (49). This process of arrested sensemaking is illustrated with a disaster at sea when a 790-foot container ship, the El Faro, sailed into the eye of a category 3 hurricane and capsized. Metaevaluation, Propriety/15-C Creative techniques (e.g., the Delphi process**) could be used to establish consensus among stakeholders when assigning value judgments (90). The paper is based on a comparative study of six industrial organizations and data was obtained via questionnaires and interviews with senior executives. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Interpretations draw on information and perspectives that stakeholders bring to the evaluation inquiry and can be strengthened through active participation or interaction. Interviews could be held with specific intended users to better understand their information needs and time line for action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. https://www.csraf.com/ethical-hacking-sociotechnology. Sensemaking in organizations. The first two uses of antenarrative are as the before(ante)-narrative, existing as story is turned to narrative, and a bet (ante) narrative, placed in hopes that something will become a retrospective narrative. Information Systems Research Wixom 16 1 85 2005 10.1287/isre.1050.0042 A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance ; 113. 2014) instead of a defensive response (resistance and/or recovery).This means that the first stage of the resilience It is a practical, nonprescriptive tool, designed to summarize and organize essential elements of program evaluation. Public health programs mature and change over time; therefore, a program's stage of development reflects its maturity. The seven properties of Weicks sensemaking addresses how individual behavior is a reflection of personal sensemaking, which is based on persons identity. Purpose. Greene J, Lincoln Y, Mathison S, Mertens DM, Ryan K. Advantages and challenges of using inclusive evaluation approaches in evaluation practice. A logic model describes the sequence of events for bringing about change by synthesizing the main program elements into a picture of how the program is supposed to work (23-35). Lipsey MW. Support organizational change and development. [8], The antenarrative is pre-narrative, a bet that a fragmented polyphonic story will make retrospective, narrative, sense in the future. This type of evaluation is appropriate for mature programs that can define what interventions were delivered to what proportion of the target population. Required fields are marked *. Such influences might be to supplement the program intervention (e.g., using a follow-up questionnaire to reinforce program messages); empower program participants (e.g., increasing a client's sense of control over program direction); promote staff development (e.g., teaching staff how to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence); contribute to organizational growth (e.g., clarifying how the program relates to the organization's mission); or facilitate social transformation (e.g., advancing a community's struggle for self-determination) (7,38-42). Still others might want to concentrate on specific subcomponents or processes of a project. Measurements in prevention: a manual on selecting and using instruments to evaluate prevention programs. What we have instead is a series of events linked together, that transpire within concrete walls and these sequences, their pathways, their timing, are the forms we erroneously make into substances when we talk about an organization (Weick, 1974, p. 358). Vaara, E., & Tienari, J. Kenneth A. Schachter, M.D., M.B.A. The second element of the framework is a set of 30 standards for assessing the quality of evaluation activities, organized into the following four groups: Standard 1: utility, U.S. General Accounting Office. Shadish WR. Harvard Family Research Project. Persons and organizations also have cultural preferences that dictate acceptable ways of asking questions and collecting information, including who would be perceived as an appropriate person to ask the questions. Logic models: a tool for telling your program's performance story. Miller, Joseph, and Apker (2000) examined how employees make sense of ambiguously defined organizational roles. Standards Institute (ANSI) and have been endorsed by the American Evaluation Association Stating uses in vague terms that appeal to many stakeholders increases the chances the evaluation will not fully address anyone's needs. (2015). Building this skill can itself be a useful benefit of the evaluation (38,39,91). Effective program evaluation is a systematic way to improve and account for public health actions by involving procedures that are useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. New York, NY: Longman, 1996. In their second-order sensemaking of the case, investigators of the disaster focused on Captain Davidson. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. Primary users and other stakeholders have a right to comment on decisions that might affect the likelihood of obtaining useful information. United Way of America. This definition is deliberately broad because the framework can be applied to almost any organized public health activity, including direct service interventions, community mobilization efforts, research initiatives, surveillance systems, policy development activities, outbreak investigations, laboratory diagnostics, communication campaigns, infrastructure-building projects, training and educational services, and administrative systems. A narrow program description can be improved by addressing such factors as staff turnover, inadequate resources, political pressures, or strong community participation that might affect program performance. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1991. publication no. Fetterman DM, Kaftarian SJ, Wandersman A, eds. Impartial reporting Part 2. US Medicine 1999;4-7. Continuing education credit is available for this course. Public-health-oriented foundations (e.g., W.K. Revising parts or all of the evaluation plan when critical circumstances change. In: Stroup D, Teutsch S., eds. Grant proposals, newsletters, press releases; Meeting minutes, administrative records, registration/enrollment forms; Records held by funding officials or collaborators; Graphs, maps, charts, photographs, videotapes. Written survey (e.g. Sometimes, negotiating with stakeholders to formulate a clear and logical description will bring benefits before data are available to evaluate program effectiveness (7). Anthony D. Moulton, Ph.D. Handbook of applied social research methods. In: Whitmore E, ed. By integrating the principles of this framework into all CDC program operations, we will stimulate innovation toward outcome improvement and be better positioned to detect program effects. Zaltman G, Barabba VP. American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19(1):21-33. By studying experts such as firefighters in their natural environment, he discovered that laboratory models of decision making could not describe it under uncertainty. provides a proven course for organizations to improve significantly the quality of their goods Integrating Evaluation with Routine Program Practice. Innes JE. Office of Program Planning and Evaluation, Hope S. King, M.S. Social reality is the product of the subjective and intersubjective experience of individuals, whereby the organiza-tional Health care criteria for performance excellence. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Instead it utilizes the dialectic of deviation-amplification and deviation counteraction to show dynamically changing meanings. Dyal WW. Program evaluation tool kit: a blueprint for public health management. It has been defined as "the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing" (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409).The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the 1970s and has affected both Julian D. Utilization of the logic model as a system level planning and evaluation device. Office of Program Planning and Evaluation Back toMA/PhD Thesis Writing Resources (templates), Cybersecurity Moreover, stakeholders might have differing ideas regarding program goals and purposes. Inclusive evaluation: implications of transformative theory for evaluation. Analysis of qualitative information Accuracy/16-L, Ensuring use and sharing Lipsy MW. Cost effectiveness Valid information This concept is also used in philosophy, whether pragmatic or phenomenological, in cognitive psychology and linguistics, and other fields. Context analysis public health organization representatives and teachers, U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) agency representatives, and, What will be evaluated? Defensible information sources Logistics. For example, the evaluation's intended use can shift from improving a program's current activities to determining whether to expand program services to a new population group. multiple dimensions, including technological, marketing, and. This is an area that has been explored quite well by Karl Weick. Sharing power and resolving conflicts helps avoid overemphasis of values held by any specific stakeholder (15). These standards, adopted from the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation (12),* answer the question, "Will this evaluation be effective?" Follow-Up. New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: theory, measurement, and analysis. Your email address will not be published. Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. . Research methods knowledge base [on-line textbook]. Accuracy/16-L, Evaluation impact ; R. Brick Lancaster, M.A. Weick KE. Past experiences, enactment of the Planning effective communication also requires considering the timing, style, tone, message source, vehicle, and format of information products. Differentiation and Integration in Complex Systems. Case study research: design and methods. In: Rootman I, Goodstadt M, Hyndman B, et al., eds. Quality. CDC. Karl Weick developed the knowledge management theory of organizing in the 1960s, presented here with emphasis on its empirical application in organizational case studies exploring sensemaking through organizing.This discussion is taken from my uOttawa MA in Communication thesis (2015, pp. WebGary Klein (born February 5, 1944 in New York City, New York, U.S.) is a research psychologist famous for pioneering in the field of naturalistic decision making. Background of the perspective. Step 3: Focus the evaluation design. Accuracy/16-E ; Marguerite Pappaioanou, D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.V.M. Bruner uses the word peripeteia, which he borrows from Aristotle (p. 4). Prospective evaluation methods: the prospective evaluation synthesis. Utility/13-F All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text Office of the Director The Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has developed program evaluation standards for this purpose (12). During the past three decades, the practice of evaluation has evolved as a discipline with new definitions, methods, approaches, and applications to diverse subjects and settings (4-7). BOX 1. In February 1998, the Working Group sponsored the Workshop To Develop a Framework for Evaluation in Public Health Practice. Measuring program performance by tracking indicators is only part of an evaluation and must not be confused as a singular basis for decision-making. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998:5-24. Division of Adolescent and School Health, Diane O. Dunet, M.P.A. Regulation of information variety through a power gradient from high variety to low variety to reduce equivocality. (That is, what is the program and in what context does it exist?). and responses are progressively refined with each round until a viable option or solution is This demonstrates how each program activity relates to another and clarifies the program's hypothesized mechanism or theory of change (16,17). Sense-making and sensemaking may be pronounced the same, are almost written the same, and are based on similar constructivist perspectives, but they are not the same. Also, circumstances that make a particular approach credible and useful can change. Office of the Director, Gregory M. Christenson, Ph.D. For example, a program that increases its outreach by 10% from the previous year might be judged positively by program managers who are using the standard of improved performance over time. Copenhagen, Denmark. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Office of Program Planning and Evaluation Elements of an agreement include statements concerning the intended purpose, users, uses, questions, and methods, as well as a summary of the deliverables, time line, and budget. Facilitating the shift to population-based public health programs: innovation through the use of framework and logic model tools. National Alliance of State and Territorial AIDS Directors (NASTAD) HIV Prevention Community Planning Bulletin;1997:2-3. Nothing as practical as a good theory: exploring theory-based evaluation for comprehensive community initiatives for families and children. Analysis and Synthesis. Accuracy/16-I One set of effects might arise from a direct cause-and-effect relationship to the program. Accuracy/16-F You may also download the audio files here:Part 1|Part 2|Part 3. The framework for program evaluation helps answer these questions by guiding its users in selecting evaluation strategies that are useful, feasible, ethical, and accurate. Public health professionals can no longer question whether to evaluate their programs; instead, the appropriate questions are. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute, 1998. Game Theory (ECON 159)We introduce Game Theory by playing a game. Thompson, NJ, McClintock HO. The first is to gain insight, which happens, for example, when assessing the feasibility of an innovative approach to practice. A ective events theory (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996 ) is a psychological approach developed to describe . Improving health in the community: a role for performance monitoring. Demonstrating your program's worth: a primer on evaluation for programs to prevent unintentional injury. It also reveals assumptions concerning conditions for program effectiveness and provides a frame of reference for one or more evaluations of the program. Health Education Quarterly 1992;19:101-15. established a public-private partnership focused on encouraging American business and other Henry GT. Various activities reflect the requirement to engage stakeholders (Box 2) (14). Accuracy standards ensure that the evaluation produces findings that are considered correct. Health Education Quarterly 1992;19(1):191-8. Have we learned anything new about the use of evaluation? American Journal of Evaluation 1998;19:57-70. handout, telephone, fax, mail, e-mail, or Internet); Personal interview (e.g. For example, Dutton and Dukerich (1991) focused their analysis of sensemaking on issues of identity: using the image of the mirror metaphor to articulate an interconnected and intersubjective creation of identity in relation to the organizational image. When a narrative is forming but still maintains a level of ambiguity regarding the multiple linear potentials, all of which interact during the formation, then the antenarrative is rhizomatic. Taylor-Powell E, Rossing B, Geran J. When operationalized, these standards establish a comparison by which the program can be judged (3,7,12). In: Gray ST, ed. Bass 1985) and those that present Diane Dennis-Flagler In drawing on these disciplines it absorbed Evaluation Exchange 1998;4(1):1-15. Bristol, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1996. The core issue here is that humans often do not do a good job in making sense of the information streaming at them, especially in stressful situations. An optimal strategy is one that accomplishes each step in the framework in a way that accommodates the program context and meets or exceeds all relevant standards. Weick deems it a cosmology episode, an interlude in which the orderliness of the universe is called into question because both understanding and procedures for sensemaking collapse together (p. 109; see also Weick, 1993). Qualitative Research Methods Series, vol 22; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1991. Propriety/15-C Quantity. Certain stakeholders might want to study how programs operate together as a system of interventions to effect change within a community. This review introduces some of the basic A team approach can succeed when a small group of carefully selected persons decides what the evaluation must accomplish and pools resources to implement the plan. Questions establish boundaries for the evaluation by stating what aspects of the program will be addressed (5-7). This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general upper echelons perspective. The theory states that organizational outcomesstrategic choices and performance levelsare partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. In: Fulbright-Anderson K, Kubisch AC, Connell JP, eds. 1-15. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1995. U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Toward distinguishing empowerment evaluation and placing it in a larger context. ; Wilma G. Johnson, M.S.P.H. Epidemiology Program Office: Jeanne L. Alongi, M.P.H. summarize the essential elements of program evaluation; provide a framework for conducting effective program evaluations; review standards for effective program evaluation; and. Additional uses for evaluation flow from the process of conducting the evaluation; these process uses have value and should be encouraged because they complement the uses of the evaluation findings (Box 12) (7,38,93,94). Tailor the report content, format, and style for the audience(s) by involving audience members. Agreements describe how the evaluation plan will be implemented by using available resources (e.g., money, personnel, time, and information) (36,37). Child (2005: 293) points out that Lewins rigid idea Evaluation Practice 1997;18(2):147-63. Lipsey MW. those involved in program operations (e.g., sponsors, collaborators, coalition partners, funding officials, administrators, managers, and staff); those served or affected by the program (e.g., clients, family members, neighborhood organizations, academic institutions, elected officials, advocacy groups, professional associations, skeptics, opponents, and staff of related or competing organizations); and. Using a logic model to focus health services on population health goals. Public health professionals routinely have used evaluation processes when answering questions from concerned persons, consulting partners, making judgments based on feedback, and refining program operations (9). Knowing that a program is able to reduce the risk of disease does not translate necessarily into a recommendation to continue the effort, particularly when competing priorities or other effective alternatives exist. In recent years, some have disparaged Lewin for advancing an overly simplistic model. Sensemaking seems to be associated with the conceptualization of disruptive events as emblematic situations, either real or hypothetical. Describe essential features of the program (e.g., including logic models). Designing evaluations. Advocates, clear communicators, creative thinkers, and members of the power structure can help ensure that lessons learned from the evaluation influence future decision-making regarding program strategy. GAO/PEMD-10.1.4. Specify the standards and criteria for evaluative judgments. and Lance E. Rodewald, M.D. Methods. ACCESSIBILITY, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 18, No. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. . Follow-up might also be required to prevent lessons learned from becoming lost or ignored in the process of making complex or politically sensitive decisions. In a close reading, Ring and Rands (1989) defined sensemaking as a process in which individuals develop cognitive maps of their environment (p. 342). Theory driven evaluations. WebNothing as practical as a good theory: exploring theory-based evaluation for comprehensive community initiatives for families and children. The evaluation cycle begins by engaging stakeholders (i.e., the persons or organizations having an investment in what will be learned from an evaluation and what will be done with the knowledge). Program resource descriptions should convey the amount and intensity of program services and highlight situations where a mismatch exists between desired activities and resources available to execute those activities. 30-36), which focused on ethical hacking communication Explain the evaluative judgments and how they are supported by the evidence. Sage research progress series in evaluation, vol 1. Because multiple standards can be applied to a given program, stakeholders might reach different or even conflicting judgments. Common purpose: strengthening families and neighborhoods to rebuild America. These standards, designed to assess evaluations of educational programs, are also relevant for public health programs. However, community members might feel that despite improvements, a minimum threshold of access to services has not been reached. Therefore, by using the standard of social equity, their judgment concerning program performance would be negative. Propriety/15-A ; Judith R. Qualters, Ph.D.; Michael J. Sage, M.P.H. The changing maturity of program practice should be considered during the evaluation process (22). Rather than discounting evaluations as time-consuming and tangential to program operations (e.g., left to the end of a program's project period), the framework encourages conducting evaluations from the beginning that are timed strategically to provide necessary feedback to guide action. In particular, when newcomers to evaluation begin to think as evaluators, fundamental shifts in perspective can occur. Verify that participants' rights are protected. of qualified reviewers whose identities are usually not revealed to one another. Mixed method evaluations require the separate analysis of each evidence element and a synthesis of all sources for examining patterns of agreement, convergence, or complexity. ; Charles W. Gollmar; Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Utility/13-E H. Tomlinson and G. Burchell. In: Bickman L, Rob DJ, eds. When different but equally well-supported conclusions exist, each could be presented with a summary of its strengths and weaknesses. Examining the organizing processes of enactment, selection, and retention can shed light on how perceptions are constructed/sensemaking. Cross-reference of steps and relevant standards, Stakeholder identification For example, some participants might be willing to discuss their health behavior with a stranger, whereas others are more at ease with someone they know. Complete and fair assessment Websensemaking and social network theories to offer a theoretical account of schools management of choice in an era of accountability. ; Mark L. Messonnier, Ph.D., M.S; Bradford A. Myers; Raul A. Romaguera, D.M.D., M.P.H. Primary users and other stakeholders could be given a set of hypothetical results and asked to explain what decisions or actions they would make on the basis of this new knowledge. Evaluation methods should be selected to provide the appropriate infor- mation to address stakeholders' questions (i.e., methods should be matched to the primary users, uses, and questions). How will the lessons learned from the inquiry be used to improve public health effectiveness? What can you build with thousands of bricks? Consulting specialists in evaluation methodology might be necessary in situations where concern for data quality is high or where serious consequences exist associated with making errors of inference (i.e., concluding that program effects exist when none do, concluding that no program effects exist when in fact they do, or attributing effects to a program that has not been adequately implemented) (61,62). Active follow-up might help prevent these and other forms of misuse by ensuring that evidence is not misinterpreted and is not applied to questions other than those that were the central focus of the evaluation. Green JC, Caracelli V, eds. Dervins sense-making theory: Theory for Methodology Theorize human sense-making and sense-unmaking Focuses on dialogue and verbings; Exemplifies human information behavior through the time-space context; Studies human information use from the perspective of the actor instead of the observer; Conceptualizes human information use as behaviors of Unlike the past structure-centered theory, OIT focuses on the process of organizing in dynamic, information-rich environments. To describe the three resilience stages in more detail, we follow studies that understand organizational resilience as offensive response to unexpected events (adaptation) (e.g., Weick et al. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an When stakeholders are involved in defining and gathering data that they find credible, they will be more likely to accept the evaluation's conclusions and to act on its recommendations (7,38). POLICY | Public Health Practice Program Office: Patricia Drehobl, M.P.H. U.S. General Accounting Office. Find communication theories like: Health Believe Model | Agenda Setting Theory | Information Theory | Cultivation Theory | Hypodermic Needle Theory, | Two Step Flow Theory | Theory of Planned Behaviour | Social Cognitive Theory | etc. Personnel evaluation standards: how to assess systems for evaluating educators. Qualitative program evaluation: practice and promise. 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Empowerment evaluation: knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. Program descriptions convey the mission and objectives of the program being evaluated. Regardless of how communications are constructed, the goal for dissemination is to achieve full disclosure and impartial reporting. Suzanne R. Adair, Ph.D., M.A., Texas Department of Health, Austin, Texas; Mary Eden Avery, M.A., American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia; Ronald Bialek, M.P.P., Public Health Foundation, Washington, D.C.; Leonard Bickman, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Thomas J. Chapel, M.S., M.B.A., Macro International, Atlanta, Georgia; Don Compton, Ph.D., American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia; Ross F. Conner, Ph.D., University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; David A. This compilation of communication theories has been created in 2003/2004 by members of the. Weve italicized the key terms that Weick uses to represent his heuristics: Sensemaking is matter of identity: it is who we understand ourselves to be in relation to the world around us. Propositions and Also, program activity descriptions should distinguish the activities that are the direct responsibility of the program from those that are conducted by related programs or partners (18).