Gramtica de la lengua castellana (1880.) Nos vamos pegando,poquito a poquito For example, the Russian modern loanword (viski) "whisky" was originally feminine,[42] then masculine,[43] and today it has become neuter. The old spellings with , ze, and zi remained in use until the eighteenth century. The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender. English nouns are not generally considered to belong to gender classes in the way that French, German or Russian nouns are. WebExamples: La maestra (female teacher) La doctora (female doctor) However, nouns that designate female beings may have other endings: Example: La mujer (woman) 2. SG abuelo grandfather el abuelo the.MASC.SG grandfather "the grandfather" Feminine la the. Conversely, grammatical gender is usually absent from the Koreanic, Japonic, Tungusic, Turkic, Mongolic, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, Uralic and most Native American language families. Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology. Modern -ovich- patronyms were originally a feature of the royal dynasty (, Ruerikovichi, Rurikids, which makes the East Slavic patronym in its original meaning being similar to German von. Latvian names, like in most European cultures, consist of two main elements: the given name (vrds) followed by family name (uzvrds).During the Soviet occupation (19401941; 19441991) the practice of giving a middle name (otrais vrds) was discouraged, but since the restoration of independence, Latvian legislation again allows the giving of up to two given names and it has Beautiful translation! WebExamples: La maestra (female teacher) La doctora (female doctor) However, nouns that designate female beings may have other endings: Example: La mujer (woman) 2. These include words with final stress ending in -n (e.g. A similar system applies in Czech, but the situation is somewhat different in the plural: Only masculine nouns are affected, and the distinctive feature is a distinct inflective ending for masculine animate nouns in the nominative plural and for adjectives and verbs agreeing with those nouns. [7][4], Feminine praenomina were usually abbreviated in the same manner as their masculine counterparts, but were often written in full. Also, the meaning of the form of address strongly depends on the choice of a V-T form: Using a "ty" form with a person who dislikes it or on inappropriate occasions can be an insult, especially the surname alone. WebSwahili, also known by its native name Kiswahili, is the native language of the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique (along the East African coast and adjacent litoral islands). When the Earl of Bedford developed Covent Garden the first private-venture public For uses of language associated with gender, see, Other types of division or subdivision of gender, How gender contrasts can influence cognition, Grammatical gender can be realized as inflection, Grammatical gender as agreement or concord, Grammatical gender can be realized on pronouns, Grammatical gender can match natural gender, Grammatical gender need not match natural gender, Gender contrasts on human versus sentient referents, Syntactic structure of grammatical gender, Differentiation of nouns with human referents, Some gender shifts are associated with number contrasts, How languages assign gender to borrowed words, Distribution of gender in the world's languages, The word for "manliness" has feminine grammatical gender in Spanish (, Exception: Feminine nouns beginning with stressed, Boroditsky et al. Gender shift may be associated with a difference in the sex of the referent, as with nouns such as comunista in Spanish, which may be either masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. In such languages there may be a correlation, to a greater or lesser degree, between gender and the form of a noun (such as the vowel or consonant or syllable with which it ends). boom, boom Other Eastern Slavic languages use the same adjectives of their literal translation if they differ from Russian analogue. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy.The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when In Polish, where a gender-like distinction is made in the plural between "masculine personal" and all other cases (see below), a group is treated as masculine personal if it contains at least one male person. Words need the help of some suffix to integrate them into the sentence and to build a grammatically correct sentence. WebA diphthong (/ d f , d p-,- / DIF-thawng, DIP-, -thong; from Ancient Greek (dphthongos) 'two sounds', from (ds) 'twice', and (phthngos) 'sound'), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. For instance, latte ("milk") is masculine in Italian (as is French lait and Portuguese leite), whereas Spanish leche is feminine and Romanian lapte is neuter. ('If you cannot go with them, would you like to go with us?'). Come try from my mouth to see how it knows you They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and to an extent in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. The Etruscan language was unrelated to the other languages spoken in Italy, and accordingly it contains many names which have no equivalents in the Latin or Oscan languages. On the bigger screen versions they are side-by-side which is ideal. [76][77] In French, the distinction between the gender of a noun and the gender of the object it refers to is clear when nouns of different genders can be used for the same object, for example vlo (m.) = bicyclette (f.). According to. [78] A noun may belong to a given class because of characteristic features of its referent, such as sex, animacy, shape, although in some instances a noun can be placed in a particular class based purely on its grammatical behavior. Until you forget your last name, Hola Dave, In these languages, each noun has a definite gender no matter the number. I know that you are thinking it Why not try on a new one. [6] The surname could be derived from the name of the father by adding the suffixes -ev after vowels or soft consonants and -ov in all other cases. For example, the wife of (Boris Yel'tsin) was (Naina Yel'tsina); the wife of Leo Tolstoy was Sophia Tolstaya, etc. For example, gender can indirectly influence the productivity of noun-patterns in what he calls the "Israeli" language: the Israeli neologism (mivrshet, transl. Empecemos lento, despus salvaje, If I ask you for a kiss, come give it to me However, parenthesized signs to show doubt or surprise are written as single signs: (?) WebLatvian names, like in most European cultures, consist of two main elements: the given name (vrds) followed by family name (uzvrds).During the Soviet occupation (19401941; 19441991) the practice of giving a middle name (otrais vrds) was discouraged, but since the restoration of independence, Latvian legislation again allows the giving of up to two It does not, however, help in cases where the words are of the same grammatical gender. With personal pronouns, the gender of the pronoun is likely to agree with the natural gender of the referent. (Most Spanish nouns in -in are feminine; they derive from Latin feminines in -, accusative -inem.) WebThe meaning of BULLET is a round or elongated missile (as of lead) to be fired from a firearm; broadly : cartridge. Its been a while Ive been trying it The square brackets are used for writing editor's words inside citations and instead of parentheses inside parentheses. There are multiple theoretical approaches to the position and structure of gender in syntactic structures.[28]. Although the RAE has always used the word-initial I as needed, the use of Y is occasionally found in handwriting and inscriptions up to the middle of the 19th century. WebOnomatopoeia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. For example, the French pronouns quelqu'un ("someone"), personne ("no-one") and quelque chose ("something") are all treated as masculinethis is in spite of the fact that the last two correspond to feminine nouns (personne meaning "person", and chose meaning "thing").[27]. WebThe Ganda language or Luganda (/ l u n d /, Oluganda, [olund]) is a Bantu language spoken in the African Great Lakes region. [9][10] Examples of languages with such a system include most of the modern Romance languages, the Baltic languages, the Celtic languages, some Indo-Aryan languages (e.g., Hindi), and the Afroasiatic languages. Comparable to English diminutives, short name stem + -//////-, most intimate and affectionate form, comparable to German diminutives, , , , , , , , , Masha, Manya, Marusya, Mashulya, Mashnka, Mariyka, Manyasha (rare), Marichka (ukr. From 1741[56] to 1815, the circumflex was used over vowels to indicate that preceding ch and x should be pronounced /k/ and /ks/ respectively and not /t/ and /x/, e.g. Some acronyms read by letters may also be spelled according to their pronunciation: oeneg. In syntactic construction, inserting the words "more" or "most" before an adjective or adverb modifies the resulting phrase to express a relative (specifically, greater) degree of that property. Attius may be the Oscan equivalent of the Latin praenomen Appius, since the Sabine Attius Clausus took the name Appius Claudius upon settling at Rome; however, it could also simply have been the closest praenomen in sound. Im cracking up on my Spanish-speaking friends telling them how Im practicing. English translation provided by Happy Hour Spanish. (Oh yeah), Si te pido un beso ven dmelo As shown, the merger of masculine and feminine in these languages and dialects can be considered a reversal of the original split in Proto-Indo-European (see below). Just by thinking it my pulse accelerates (Oh yeah), Already, Im liking it more than usual Sometimes, however, there is no antecedentthe referent of the pronoun is deduced indirectly from the context: this is found with personal pronouns, as well as with indefinite and dummy pronouns. Such properties include animacy or inanimacy, "humanness" or non-humanness, and biological sex. In 1726, most double consonants were simplified (e.g. Nordic countries. Iturrioz, J. L. (1986) "Structure, meaning and function: a functional analysis of gender and other classificatory techniques". Sometimes the gender of a word switches with time. "[18] Apparent failures to reproduce the effect for German speakers has also led to a proposal that the effect is restricted to languages with a two-gender system, possibly because such languages are inclined towards a greater correspondence between grammatical and natural gender. In this case the question is usually not which pronoun to use, but which gender to assign a given pronoun to (for such purposes as adjective agreement). Words spelled in modern Spanish with cua, cuo (e.g. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes: The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g. In fact, nouns in Spanish and Portuguese (as in the other Romance languages such as Italian and French) generally follow the gender of the Latin words from which they are derived. In the same way, personal names are frequently constructed with affixes that identify the sex of the bearer. When there were two sisters, they were frequently referred to as Major and Minor, with these terms appearing after the nomen or cognomen; if there were more than two, the eldest might be called Maxima, and the younger sisters assigned numerical cognomina. They are not regularly used in English or other European languages, although they parallel the use of words such as piece(s) and head in phrases like "three pieces of paper" or "thirty head of cattle". Spanish has the unusual feature of indicating the beginning of an interrogative or exclamatory sentence or phrase with inverted variants of the question mark and exclamation mark ([] and []), respectively. Two vowels may form a hiatus or a diphthong (see the section "Stress and accentuation" above): pa-e-lla, puen-te, ra-z. In Russian, some common suffixes are - (-ov), - (-yev), meaning "belonging to" or "of the clan of/descendant of", e.g. The usage of y in non-word-final diphthongs was abolished in 1815 (e.g. So poquito means something like a little bit. The same applies to adjectives qualifying these nouns, the same as in Russian and Czech. Tengo que bailar contigo hoy The choice of addressing format is closely linked to the choice of second-person pronoun. For instance, in the Romance languages, the words for "sun" are masculine, being derived from the Latin masculine noun sol, whereas the words for "moon" are feminine, being derived from the Latin feminine luna. ), unlike in many West Slavic languages, where the non-adjectival surname of men corresponds to derivative feminine adjectival surname (Novk Novkov). (Get up, get up), I want to see your hair dance Although you could use the word little before or after a Spanish endearment term, its much more common to use diminutives. The gender of an English pronoun typically coincides with the natural gender of its referent, rather than with the grammatical gender of its antecedent. Anbieter, die wir vergleichen oder einen Test machen lassen, kreditwrdig oder sehr kreditwrdig. It is not (Dmitrovich) or (Dmitrovna) because the name (Dmitry) ends on "" ("y"); For some names ending in a vowel, the suffix is - (-ich) for a son and - (-ichna) or - (-inichna) for a daughter; for example, Foka (father's first name) Fokich (male patronymic) Fokichna (female patronymic); Kuzma (father's first name) Kuzmich (male patronymic) Kuzminichna (female patronymic). ", In some languages, the gender of nouns can mostly be determined by physical (semantic) attributes, although there remain some nouns whose gender is not assigned in this way (Corbett calls this "semantic residue"). Nuevas normas de prosodia y ortografia, 1959. Examples include Danish and Swedish (see Gender in Danish and Swedish), and to some extent Dutch (see Gender in Dutch grammar). This number gradually dwindled to about eighteen praenomina by the 1st century BCE, of which perhaps a dozen were common. Sr. Lpez, but seor Lpez); the first word (only) in the title of a book, movie, song, etc. The word for "flowerbed" (Blumenbeet) is neuter, whereas that for "garden" (Garten) is masculine. Among other lexical items, the definite article changes its form according to this categorization. Many Indo-European languages retained the three genders, including most Slavic languages, Latin, Sanskrit, Ancient and Modern Greek, German, Icelandic, Romanian and Asturian (two Romance language exceptions). In them, there is a high but not absolute correlation between grammatical gender and declensional class. rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings, same as the typical English l (especially like the, varying between the typical English n and ng, e.g. Maxima, Maio, and Mino were also used as praenomina, although it may be debated whether they represent true personal names. The correct transliteration of such feminine surnames in English is debated: the names technically should be in their original form, but they sometimes appear in the masculine form. Rarely, abbreviations are written using the slash: c/ for calle, b/n for blanco y negro. [16] For example, when native speakers of gendered languages are asked to imagine an inanimate object speaking, whether its voice is male or female tends to correspond to the grammatical gender of the object in their language. In some languages, nouns with human references have two forms, a male and a female one. There is a certain tendency to keep the grammatical gender when a close back-reference is made, but to switch to natural gender when the reference is further away. Some surnames in those languages have been Russified since the 19th century: the surname of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev has a Russian "-yev" suffix, which literally means "of Nazar-bay" (in which "bay" is a Turkic native noble rank: compare Turkish "bey", Uzbek "beg", and Kyrghyz "bek"). cuatrocientos. When you kiss me with that skill The combination "ellipsis+period" is simplified to the ellipsis, but the abbreviation point remains before the ellipsis. So, the word paella is syllabified as pa-e-lla, but the only way to hyphenate it at the end of a line is pae-lla. Thus the French word for "I" is je, regardless of who is speaking; but this word becomes feminine or masculine depending on the sex of the speaker, as may be reflected through adjective agreement: je suis forte ("I am strong", spoken by a female); je suis fort (the same spoken by a male). In the earliest period, each person was known by a single name, or nomen. Certain suffixes are quite reliable indicators, such as -age, which when added to a verb (e.g. location in an area with languages featuring noun classes; moderate to high morphological complexity; Certain nonhuman things can be referred to with the pronoun, In the singular, masculine animates (in the standard declension) have an accusative form identical to the genitive, and masculine inanimates have accusative identical to the nominative. the contraction of "do not" to "don't". You know that baby is looking for my Vamos a hacerlo en una playa en Puerto Rico Webdiminutives and augmentatives spanish practicedelta county property tax. The example of (Ivanov), a family name, will be used: The surnames which are not grammatically adjectives (Zhuk, Gogol, Barchuk, Kupala etc.) Although nouns ending in -o are mostly masculine, some of them are feminine. Examples: balach beag ("small boy"), but balaich bheaga ("small boys"), with the adjective showing agreement for both feminine gender (lenition of initial consonant) and plural number (suffixed -a). All proparoxytones and sobresdrjulas have a written accent mark. Similarly, inserting the diminutives "less" or "least" before an adjective or adverb expresses a lesser degree.. There is no agreement on whether any of these were borrowed from Etruscan, or whether all were originally Latin. For other situations in which such a "default" gender assignment may be required, see Contextual determination of gender below. - Real Academia Espaola. garer "to park" garage; nettoyer "to clean" nettoyage "cleaning") indicates a masculine noun; however, when -age is part of the root of the word, it can be feminine, as in plage ("beach") or image. Anbieter, die wir vergleichen oder einen Test machen lassen, kreditwrdig oder sehr kreditwrdig. tus lugares favoritos (favoritos, favoritos baby), Pasito a pasito, suave suavecito Spanish words are divided into syllables using the following rules: 1. How did genders and cases develop in Indo-European? Gender inflection may interact with other grammatical categories like number or case. Being highly synthetic languages, Eastern Slavic treats personal names as grammatical nouns and apply the same rules of inflection and derivation to them as for other nouns. WebJos is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph.While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).. SG abuelo grandfather el abuelo the.MASC.SG grandfather "the grandfather" Feminine la the. WebTired of the old name? or ?! For example, Bulgarian has a pair of homonyms (prst) which are etymologically unrelated. How to use bullet in a sentence. The letter x between vowels phonetically represents two consonants separated by a syllable border, but hyphenation at the end of line is permitted before the x: ta-xi, bo-xeo. For more on diminutives how theyre formed, the most common forms, and how their meanings change check out our50+ list of Spanish diminutives. These nomina were monothematic; that is, they expressed a single concept or idea. This system is most commonly used [3][6][7] Such gender shifts are sometimes correlated with meaning shifts, and sometimes yield doublets with no difference in meaning. Thus, irrespective of their actual etymology, these names may be regarded as Latin. Berlin: Language Science Press. Ionu, a diminutive from Ion/Ioan, is one of the most common names in Romania. Thus, in Spanish, nio means "boy", and nia means "girl". The meanings of individual words come complete with examples of usage, transcription, and the possibility to hear pronunciation. But gradually an increasing number of them became hereditary, until they could be used to distinguish whole families from one generation to another. Lets start slow, then wild, Pasito a pasito, suave suavecito Fusing of number-names above 30 (e.g. This paradigm can be exploited for making new words: from the masculine nouns abogado "lawyer", diputado "member of parliament" and doctor "doctor", it was straightforward to make the feminine equivalents abogada, diputada, and doctora. tus lugares favoritos (favoritos, favoritos baby), Djame sobrepasar tus zonas de peligro The colon is used for generalizing words before enumerations, for exemplifications, before the direct speech. Eastern Slavic parents select a given name for a newborn child. Two dashes can sometimes introduce parenthetical constructions. Numbers may be written in words (uno, dos, tres) or in figures (1, 2, 3, ). WebLatvian names, like in most European cultures, consist of two main elements: the given name (vrds) followed by family name (uzvrds).During the Soviet occupation (19401941; 19441991) the practice of giving a middle name (otrais vrds) was discouraged, but since the restoration of independence, Latvian legislation again allows the giving of up to two Goddard, Ives. With a billion views on Youtube after only 3 months, this is a song you will hear not only in Spanish-speaking countries, butin English speaking ones as well especially given the version showcasing Justin Bieber singing Despacito in Spanish(see below for the video of this version). The silent h is not taken into account when syllabifying words. So one can create many forms with different degrees of affection and familiarity by adding the corresponding suffixes to the auxiliary stem derived from the original name. , " - ", " - ", , "Paul Goldschmidt's Dictionary of Russian Names - Grammar", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs&oldid=1126342968, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2010, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2014, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Belarusian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles needing additional references from June 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mikaaj, Mikoa / Nikolai / Mykola, Mykolai, unclear, possibly "wolf", "short" or "snow leopard", meaning "great/famous lord" ( - comes from and is not related to or , see also the name's, Piotr, Piatro, Piatru / Petr, Pyotr / Petro, Alaksandr / Aleksandr / Oleksandr, Oleksa, the analogues are (Yegor), (Yury), equivalent to, Kanstancin, Kastu / Konstantin / Kostiantyn, Nastassia, Nasta / Anastasiya / Anastasiia, From Greek (Angelina) meaning "messenger", in Russian, Oksana is a separate name of the same origin, derivative from the Latinized name of the Sabine king, most common for informal communication, comparable to Western name-only form of address, expresses familiarity, may be considered rude when used between people who are not close friends. We are sticking ourselves together, little bit by little bit U-28: Negative vowel assimilation in forms with. So, the word abuelo is syllabified a-bue-lo, but the only way to hyphenate it at the end of a line is abue-lo. Gender may also be predictable from the type of derivation: for instance, the verbal nouns of Stem II (e.g. Common endings are ito or cito , but there are several options depending on whether the word is masculine or feminine and how it is spelled ( ito/ita, cito/cita, quito/quita, illo/illa ). Nomenclature terms in geographical names are written in lowercase: el mar Mediterrneo 'the Mediterranean Sea'. As populations grew, many individuals might be known by the same name. It is hard to scroll down snd up. WebA piazza (Italian pronunciation: ) is a city square in Italy, Malta, along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. poquito stems from poco which means little. Moreover, grammatical gender may serve to distinguish homophones. For further information, see Tamil grammar. [1][3][4], As the tria nomina developed throughout Italy, the importance of the praenomen in everyday life declined considerably, together with the number of praenomina in common use. Except for mano, most of them are abbreviations of compound nouns. It is often used to address children or intimate friends. ", NamepediA Blog Why Most European Names Ending in A Are Female, "Shoda psudku s podmtem nkolikansobnm", "Gender assignment and gender agreement: Evidence from pronominal gender languages". Almost all Polish female names end in a vowel -a, and most male names end in a consonant or a Diminutive forms are produced from the "short name" by means of various suffixes; for example, Mikhail (full) Misha (short) Mishenka (affectionate) Mishka (colloquial). This is particularly so in the case of things with no natural gender, such as sexless objects. MASC. It may mean an intermediate division between the comma and the period or separate parts of a sentence which already contain commas. Like in other languages, you can add these suffixes to someones name or you can use them to make a regular sweet word sound more endearing, as in some of the following examples: 53. "woman" is usually feminine), or may be arbitrary. We're here to find you a new identity, from diminutives to alliterations and descriptive names. Most NigerCongo languages also have extensive systems of noun classes, which can be grouped into several grammatical genders. It was later said that it was a contraction of the phrase, sine pater filius, "son without a father", and thus used for children born out of wedlock. Gracias for this experience! This system is most commonly used with words of French Gender is one of the categories which frequently require agreement. [citation needed] An example of such a marker might be the suffix -ette (of French provenance), but this is seldom used today, surviving mostly in either historical contexts or with disparaging or humorous intent. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, -off was a common transliteration of -ov for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands). For example, a language like Latin, German or Russian has a number of different declension patterns, and which pattern a particular noun follows may be highly correlated with its gender. The use of accent marks in printing varies by period, due to reforms successively promulgated by the Spanish Royal Academy. Sign on the walls of your labyrinth Loanwords in Spanish are usually written according to Spanish spelling conventions (extranjerismos adaptados): e.g. The corresponding for English are the following: (englezos), (Engleza), (englezikos), (engleziki), (engleziko). tena, vivan); the possessives mo and ma and the word da. It is disputed whether some of the praenomina used by the Romans themselves were of distinctly Etruscan or Oscan origin. By the 2nd century A.D., several of these names had also passed out of general use at Rome, leaving Aulus, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Sextus, Titus, and Tiberius. Within the rational class there are further subdivisions into masculine, feminine and collective nouns. Examples: When the name is written in English, the patronymic may be omitted with the given name written out in full or abbreviated (Vladimir Putin or V. Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be written out in full (Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be abbreviated (V. V. Putin) or the first name may be written out in full with the patronymic abbreviated (Vladimir V. Putin). Plautdietsch (pronounced [plat.dit]) or Mennonite Low German is a Low Prussian dialect of East Low German with Dutch influence that developed in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Vistula delta area of Royal Prussia. 3. Rolando J. Diaz. Note the difference between patronymics and surnames ending with -ich: surnames are the same for males and females, but patronymics are gender-dependent (for example, Ivan Petrovich Mirovich and Anna Petrovna Mirovich). Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language.The alphabet uses the Latin script.The spelling is fairly phonemic, especially in comparison to more opaque orthographies like English, having a relatively consistent mapping of graphemes to phonemes; in other words, the pronunciation of a given Spanish-language word can largely be predicted On the other hand, nouns ending in -tion, -sion and -aison are almost all feminine, with a few exceptions, such as cation, bastion. In Denmark and Norway, the corresponding ending is -sen, as in Karlsen.Names ending with dotter/datter (daughter), such as Olofsdotter, are rare but occurring, and only apply to women.Today, the patronymic names are passed on same as the typical English x or s; e.g. [5], Under the empire, confusion seems to have developed as to precisely what constituted a praenomen and how it should be used. Robert and Roberta); and -e, of French origin (cf. Nouns that denote specifically male persons (or animals) are normally of masculine gender; those that denote specifically female persons (or animals) are normally of feminine gender; and nouns that denote something that does not have any sex, or do not specify the sex of their referent, have come to belong to one or other of the genders, in a way that may appear arbitrary. WebElenuta is a variant of Helen, meaning shining or bright one.Yandex.Translate is a mobile and web service that translates words, phrases, whole texts, and entire websites from English into Greek. "Pidgin Delaware." Ortografa de la lengua espaola. Common endings are ito or cito , but there are several options depending on whether the word is masculine or feminine and how it is spelled ( ito/ita, cito/cita, quito/quita, illo/illa ). The auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name (the full name Zhanna can have the suffixes added directly to the stem - Zhann- like Zhannochka), and most names have the auxiliary stem derived unproductively (the Russian name Mikhail has the auxiliary stem - Mish-, which produces such name-forms as Misha, Mishenka, Mishunya etc., not * Mikhailushka). Originally, the usage of inverted marks at the beginning was recommended only for large sentences, but the Gramtica of 1870 made them mandatory for all interrogative or exclamatory sentences. Ionu, a diminutive from Ion/Ioan, is one of the most common names in Romania. Slang forms exist for male names and, since a few decades ago, female names. I want, I want, I want to see how much love it fits you Feminine nouns ending in -o. osso ('bear') and oso ('I dare to'). Some geographical names have a capitalized article: El Salvador, but los Estados Unidos. But the opposite is correct with Northern Kurdish language or Kurmanci. And that you forget your last name, S, sabes que ya llevo un rato mirndote The effect of a diminutive is not always the same. Such a word itself is also called an onomatopoeia. Petar, Maria, Ivan, Teodora, Georgi, Nikolay, Mihail, Paraskeva, Dimitar).. In orthography, the distinction was suppressed in 1763.[53]. Feminine nouns ending in -o. According to the current Ortografa, Latin expressions (e. g. curriculum vitae, grosso modo) are treated as unadapted foreign words, so they are also typographically emphasized. Hyphenated surnames like Petrov-Vodkin are possible. Also, Polish masculine animates always form their genitive in. christiano cristiano, triumpho triunfo, myrrha mirra, theatro teatro). Jess, Jeremas) and also in diminutives (pajita); in the Ortografa of 1815, xe and xi were replaced by ge and gi in some words (e.g. But to assemble it here I have the piece, Nice and slow Words written with hyphen are hyphenated by repeating the hyphen on the following line: terico-/-prctico. A daughter who had been called simply by her nomen for several years was less likely to receive a praenomen than her younger sisters, and because it was usually easy to distinguish between two daughters without using praenomina, the need for traditional personal names did not become acute until there were at least three sisters in a family. Why you should take on a nickname. your favorite places (favorites, favorites baby), Let me surpass your danger zones The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender. The written accent may thus appear only in certain forms of a word and not others, for example andn, plural andenes. The orthographic rules of 1999 admitted the two accentuations guion and guin, corresponding to two different pronunciations. A few traces of the neuter remain, such as the distinct Spanish pronoun ello and Italian nouns with so-called "mobile gender"), as well as Hindustani and the Celtic languages. Although nouns ending in -o are mostly masculine, some of them are feminine. 1853. Hence Spanish writes familia (no accent), while Portuguese and Catalan both put an accent mark on famlia (all three languages stress the first i). Most languages that use the Latin alphabet (including Spanish) use question and exclamation marks at the end of sentences and clauses. In German, gender distinction prevents such ambiguity. For example, French pot ("pot") and peau ("skin") are homophones /po/, but disagree in gender: le pot vs. la peau. In eight cases, the written accent is used to distinguish stressed monosyllabic words from clitics: The written accent in the word t is conserved in its plural: ts. Examples in English are the uses of it in "It's raining" and "It's nice to relax.". However, with the adoption of hereditary surnames, the praenomen lost much of its original importance. It may also correspond to some other difference in the meaning of the word. One notable exception occurs in the filiations of liberti, where the abbreviation "C." for Gaia was frequently reversed to indicate a woman. The ending -es is used for contractions if it appears in the corresponding complete word: admones. Such a word itself is also called an onomatopoeia. They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and to an extent in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.It is named after the East Slavic Petar, Maria, Ivan, Teodora, Georgi, Nikolay, Mihail, Paraskeva, Dimitar).. These rules are used for hyphenating words at the end of line, with the following additional rules: 1. In some of the Slavic languages, for example, within the masculine and sometimes feminine and neuter genders, there is a further division between animate and inanimate nounsand in Polish, also sometimes between nouns denoting humans and non-humans. However it is also possible for a given noun to be usable with any of several classifiers; for example, the Mandarin Chinese classifier () g is frequently used as an alternative to various more specific classifiers. Examples are Rashidov and Abdullaev. The letter x was replaced by j in 1815,[50] although word-final x remained until 1832 (e.g. In this case, nouns may be considered the "triggers" of the process, because they have an inherent gender, whereas related words that change their form to match the gender of the noun can be considered the "target" of these changes. [44], Adjectives from geographical names, names of nationalities or languages are not capitalized, nor (in standard style) are days of the week and months of the year.[45][46]. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender;[1] the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the genders of that language. Single mothers may give their children any patronym, and this does not have any legal consequences. WebA neologism [/ n i l d z m /; from Greek - no(="new") and /lgos meaning "speech, utterance"] is a relatively recent or isolated term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not been fully accepted into mainstream language. Russian language distinguishes: ("Vy") is the plural of both forms to address a pair or group. WebBulgarian given names. [48] A notable case is the word enzima used in biochemistry, meaning "enzyme", as different from encima meaning "on", "over" or "on top of" something. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity II: World-wide comparative studies. Indeed, in most European languages, personal pronouns are gendered; for example English (the personal pronouns he, she and it are used depending on whether the referent is male, female, or inanimate or non-human; this is in spite of the fact that English does not generally have grammatical gender). Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes - (-ko), - (-uk), and - (-ych). Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, meow (or miaow), roar, and chirp.Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the If a vowel is followed by two consonants, the syllables divide between the consonants: can-tar, ver-ter, n-da-le. However, if the sex of the animal is known, and particularly in the case of companion animals, the gendered pronouns (he and she) may be used as they would be for a human. So adjectives and pronouns have three forms in singular (e.g. Related languages need not assign the same gender to a noun: this shows that gender can vary across related languages. And the German suffixes -heit and -keit (comparable with -hood and -ness in English) produce feminine nouns. Abbreviations are written with the period: art. SG abuelo grandfather el abuelo the.MASC.SG grandfather "the grandfather" Feminine la the. Likewise, the word for "boat" is neuter in German (das Boot), but common gender in Swedish (en bt). For example, in German, the sentences "The girl has come home from school. muger, from Latin mulier, became mujer), but word-initial unetymological ge and gi remained; the Diccionario of 1837 stated explicitly that from then on, ge and gi were to be written only in words where they are justified by etymology. Human translations with examples: three, he is, mommy?, 3 mami, my son!, ok daddy, ok, ok, beautiful, aye mommy. under 21 car rental near berlin. Several variations are known for some praenomina, of which only the most regular are given in this table. Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praenomen&oldid=1125530168, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [60] The spelling desahucio was not changed, as pronouncing this word with a diphthong (/de.sau.jo/ instead of the former pronunciation /de.sa.u.jo/) came to be considered the norm. Distinct words and names for men and women are also common in languages which do not have a grammatical gender system for nouns in general. Historically, toponymic surnames may have been granted as a token of nobility; for example, the princely surname Shuysky is indicative of the princedom based on the ownership of Shuya. [47], Modern English makes use of gender in pronouns, which are generally marked for natural gender, but lacks a system of gender concord within the noun phrase which is one of the central elements of grammatical gender in most other Indo-European languages.[48]. In 1999, the written accent was added to a few words ending on the stressed diphthong au or eu: marramau became marramu. [2][4], Several other praenomina were believed to refer to the circumstances of a child's birth; for instance, Agrippa was said to refer to a child who was born feet-first; Caeso to a child born by the operation known today as a Caesarean section; Lucius to one born at dawn; Manius to one born in the morning; Numerius to one born easily; Opiter to one whose father had died, leaving his grandfather as head of the family; Postumus to a last-born child (whether or not the father was dead); Proculus to one whose father was far away; Vopiscus to the survivor of twins, the other of whom was born dead. references to people or things of unknown or unspecified gender. See Russian declension. decimosexto (decimosexta, decimosextos, decimosextas) or dcimo sexto (dcima sexta, dcimos sextos, dcimas sextas). Example of WebAs we said, Spanish diminutives are generally used to illustrate a sweetness or affection of something, or someone being smaller or sweeter. Spanish diminutives and their meanings A diminutive takes regular Spanish words and changes the ending in order to slightly change the meaning. Dancing while learning Spanish is fantastic! (except when the title contains only two words, then the second word is also sometimes capitalized); and the first word in a sentence are capitalized, as are names of companies, government bodies, celebrations, periodicals, etc. And forget your last name, Or even: WebJos is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph.While spelled alike, this name is pronounced differently in each language: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ).. Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional way of identifying a person's given name and patronymic name in Russia and some countries formerly part of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union.. or Vd. Armory, the best-known branch of heraldry, concerns the design and transmission of the heraldic achievement.The achievement, or armorial RAE, 1999. Im not in a hurry, I want to give myself to the trip This is an even worse mismatch, but I heard it quoted as fact. Webthe. Old Spanish coraon, cabea, fuera became modern corazn, cabeza, fuerza. This makes some obviously feminine noun phrases like "a cute girl", "the well milking cow" or "the pregnant mares" sound strange to most Norwegian ears when spoken by Danes and people from Bergen since they are inflected in a way that sounds like the masculine declensions in South-Eastern Norwegian dialects. In the singular that applies to masculine nouns only, but in the plural it applies in all genders. For example, in Portuguese and Spanish, nouns that end in -o or a consonant are mostly masculine, whereas those that end in -a are mostly feminine, regardless of their meaning. (However, the Diccionario de autoridades, unlike the RAE statutes and later RAE publications, does not put accents on the capital letters.) However, the letter was reinstated in the fourth edition of the Prontuario de ortografa de la lengua castellana (1853), and its use in loanwords was reallowed. Fragolina Little strawberry [1] Diminutives, nicknames, and personal cognomina could be used to differentiate between sisters. In some languages the declension pattern followed by the noun itself will be different for different genders. Come and generate awesome nicknames, some made up and some computer generated. Gender agreement applies in effect only to pronouns, and the choice of pronoun is determined based on semantics (perceived qualities of the thing being referred to) rather than on any conventional assignment of particular nouns to particular genders. Capitalization in Spanish is sparse compared to English. WebThe apostrophe (' or ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. The natural gender of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase is a gender to which it would be expected to belong based on relevant attributes of its referent. In some languages, gender is determined by strictly semantic criteria, but in other languages, semantic criteria only partially determine gender. But theres a balance, and I think youre right, we could have used provoke there instead of bringing on. Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity I: General issues and specific studies. During that same period, the sample consists almost entirely of Roman men belonging to the leading patrician families. For example, in Portuguese: The two sentences above mean literally "much obliged"; the adjective agrees with the natural gender of the speaker, that is, with the gender of the first person pronoun which does not appear explicitly here. This dependence of grammatical gender of adjectival surname on the gender of its owner is not considered to be changing the surname (compare the equivalent rule in Polish, for example). bom, bom (In written Finnish, for example, hn is used for "he" and "she" and se for "it", but in the colloquial language se is usually used for "he" and "she" as well.). Weblet definition: 1. to allow something to happen or someone to do something by not doing anything to stop an action. [citation needed], Classical Latin typically made a grammatical feminine gender with -a (silva "forest", aqua "water") and this was reflected in feminine names originating in that period, like Emilia. Although grammatical gender was a fully productive inflectional category in Old English, Modern English has a much less pervasive gender system, primarily based on natural gender and reflected essentially in pronouns only. Modern examples include Algonquian languages such as Ojibwe.[14]. There are certain exceptions, however: Problems arise when selecting a personal pronoun to refer to someone of unspecified or unknown gender (see also Contextual determination of gender above). A number of emperors considered Imperator as a praenomen, and thus part of their names. Diminutives in isolating languages may grammaticalize strategies other than suffixes or prefixes. capitn, tambin, jardn, accin, comnbut future-tense verb forms like sern, tendrn had already been spelled with the accent); words ending in s which are not plurals (e. g. francs, comps, dems); verbs in the imperfect tense (e.g. Examples: Both marks are used in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, and El Salvador. The reverse was also common, especially in imperial times; a personal cognomen would be placed before a woman's nomen, in the place of a praenomen. flapped r; e.g. Despacio (slowly) -> Despacito (extra slowly). FEM. The ellipsis is used for marking a sudden pause or suspension in thought and for incomplete citations. Words that do not follow the default stress have an acute accent over the stressed vowel. Hows it going you ask? If the suffix is being appended to a name ending in a ("y") or a soft consonant, the initial o in the suffixes - (-ovich) and - (-ovna) becomes a ("ye") and the suffixes change to - (-yevich) and - (-yevna). The combination tl in the middle of words may be divided into syllables in two ways: at-le-ta or a-tle-ta, corresponding to the pronunciations [ale.ta] (more common in Spain) and [atle.ta] (more common in Latin America). zelo, zizaa), but this usage was largely reduced during the 18601880s, so these words became celo and cizaa. WebThe apostrophe (' or ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. For some instances of this, see Latin declension. [1], The Italic nomenclature system cannot clearly be attributed to any one of these cultures, but seems to have developed simultaneously amongst each of them, perhaps due to constant contact between them. man, boy, pot, broom). Gender and noun class systems are usually found in fusional or agglutinating languages, whereas classifiers are more typical of isolating languages. The dash may be used to write direct speech in dialogues, as a quotation dash. or Vd. WebThe praenomen (Classical Latin: [praenomn]; plural: praenomina) was a personal name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. However, this hypothesis does not account for the feminine praenomina Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarta, nor does it explain why Septimus, Octavius, and perhaps Nonus were rarely used. It is a Bantu language, though Swahili has borrowed a number of words from foreign languages, particularly Arabic, but also words Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside. This only occurs with feminine singular nouns: mab "son" remains unchanged. Aulus, Gnaeus, Spurius, Sextus, and Servius were less common, followed by Manius, Tiberius, Caeso, Numerius, and Decimus, which were decidedly uncommon (at least amongst the patricians) during the Republic. [3], Several names were used by only a few patrician families, although they were more widespread amongst the plebeians. The comma is used for separating appositions, subordinate clauses, interjections, tags in tag questions, vocatives, and discursives. The suffixes give the sense of "male brotherhood" that was once expressed by the patronymic-only form of address in the Soviet Union. ), Official documents, very formal occasions (when necessary), Formal. The Romans rendered Lar, Larce, Laris, and Larth all as Lars. They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and to an extent in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.It is [7] Some adopt non-Slavonic patronymics as well. Whereas some authors use the term "grammatical gender" as a synonym of "noun class", others use different definitions for each; many authors prefer "noun classes" when none of the inflections in a language relate to sex. [4], Appius is sometimes said to be of Oscan origin, since it is known chiefly from the descendants of Appius Claudius, a Sabine from the town of Cures, who came to Rome in the early years of the Republic, and was admitted to the Patriciate. diminutive: [noun] a word, affix, or name usually indicating small size : a diminutive (see 2diminutive 1) word, affix, or name. Y hacer de tu cuerpo todo un manuscrito (sube, sube, sube) "este", Diccionario de la lengua espaola, RAE, 2014, "solo", Diccionario de la lengua espaola, RAE, 2014, "The history of Spanish orthography, Andrea Bello's proposal and the Chilean attempt: Implications for a theory on spelling reform", "El Zapata de las palabras| El Semanario Sin Lmites", "Bibliofilia novohispana: Editorial Brambila y el Orto-grfiko: peridico propagador de la ortografa rasional mejikana". In its place, an increasing number of magistrates and officials placed common nomina, frequently with praenomen-like abbreviations. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. Example of Since the Ortografa of 1754, the default stress is defined as paroxytone in words ending in vowels and oxytone in words ending in consonants, with some grammar-based exceptions, such as differential accents, plurals ending in s, and verbal forms ending in n or s; but other words ending in n or s were accented according to the general rule: capitan, jven, demas, mrtes. Other languages, e.g. Borrowed words are assigned gender in one of two ways: Ibrahim identifies several processes by which a language assigns a gender to a newly borrowed word; these processes follow patterns by which even children, through their subconscious recognition of patterns, can often correctly predict a noun's gender.[40]. Sabes que esa beba est buscando de mi bom, bom (Spanish words can be stressed only on one of the last three syllables, except in the case of a verb form with enclitic pronouns, such as ponindoselo.) The Real Academia Espaola has reformed the orthographic rules of Spanish several times. A diminutive form (abbreviated DIM) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings.In many languages, such forms can be translated declines in cases and numbers as the corresponding common noun. WebThe meaning of BULLET is a round or elongated missile (as of lead) to be fired from a firearm; broadly : cartridge. Some nouns have capital letters when used in a special administrative sense: Estado 'state' (sovereign polity), but estado 'state' (political division; condition). (A few nouns denoting inanimate things are treated grammatically as animate and vice versa.) ), and there are few or no exceptions to this rule. A person's name included that of his father: e.g. The opposite of the diminutive form is the augmentative. This form of writing is called aljamiado. The tsar wrote in the chart dated on 29 May, " to write him with ovich, to try [him] in Moscow only, not to fee [him] by other fees, not to kiss a cross by himself [which means not to swear during any processions]"[3] In the 18th century, it was the family of merchants to have patronyms. The use of the plural pronoun they with singular reference is common in practice. }, U-20: /w/-coloring of /a/-vowels and /w/-loss. In a language like English, which does not assign grammatical gender to nouns, the pronoun used for referring to objects (it) is often used for animals also. Thats a mobile thing. There are some cases in which the comma after a coordinating conjunction, such as complex sentences. allerdings einen Test machen lassen wir immer mehr Produkte und Provider, als wir am Ende des Tages auf unserer Website eine Anzeige verpassen pflegen zu 10 oder mehr. This was mostly done in 1754,[54] but some exceptions persisted until 1803.[55]. Sabes que esa beba est buscando de mi The Slavic names may describe the appearance or character of the person, may constitute a wish or even stem from pre-Christian conjuring rituals For example, if the father is (Dmitry), the patronymic is (Dmitrievich) for a son and (Dmitrievna) for a daughter. Further examples are the Italian words uovo ("egg") and braccio ("arm"). A classifier, or measure word, is a word or morpheme used in some languages together with a noun, principally to enable numbers and certain other determiners to be applied to the noun. Nos vamos pegando, poquito a poquito Only a relatively small number of English nouns have distinct male and female forms; many of them are loanwords from non-Germanic languages (the suffixes -rix and -ress in words such as aviatrix and waitress, for instance, derive directly or indirectly from Latin). baran () "ram" and ovtsa () "ewe". We're here to find you a new identity, from diminutives to alliterations and descriptive names. Up until 2010, was used when applied to numbers: 7 9 ('7 or 9'), to avoid possible confusion with the digit 0. The Dravidian languages use this system as described below. Quiero, quiero, quiero ver cunto amor a ti te cabe The differential accent is sometimes used in demonstrative pronouns (e. g. ste 'this one') to distinguish them from demonstrative determiners (e. g. este 'this') and in the adverb slo 'only' to distinguish it from the adjective solo. I love this and appreciate your work! Vi que tu mirada ya estaba llamndome Traditionally, the Bulgarian given names are either of Slavic origin or from Greek, Latin or Hebrew when reflecting Christian faith (e.g. In J. H. Greenberg et al. woman, girl, cow), and diminutives; the masculine encompasses all other nouns (e.g. Mami, esto es dando y dndolo Mami, esto es dando y dndolo As a larger percentage of the Roman populace came from backgrounds that had never used traditional Roman names, the praenomen was frequently omitted, or at least ignored. Nos vamos pegando, poquito a poquito The original stress of the adjectivewhether marked, as in fcilmente, or not marked, as in librementemay be manifested as a secondary stress in the adverb. By law, foreign persons who adopt Russian citizenship are allowed to have no patronymic. A word with final stress is called oxytone (or aguda in traditional Spanish grammar texts); a word with penultimate stress is called paroxytone (llana or grave); a word with antepenultimate stress (stress on the third-to-last syllable) is called proparoxytone (esdrjula). same as certain instances of English k or c; e.g. Additionally, in many languages, gender is often closely correlated with the basic unmodified form (lemma) of the noun, and sometimes a noun can be modified to produce (for example) masculine and feminine words of similar meaning. Classifiers can be considered similar to genders or noun classes, in that a language which uses classifiers normally has a number of different ones, used with different sets of nouns. Most commonly, Russian philologists distinguish the following forms of given names: The "short name" (Russian: kratkoye imya), historically also "half-name" (Russian: poluimya), is the simplest and most common name derivative. Some more examples of the above phenomena are given below. or ! diecisis, veintinueve. The RAE prescribes extranjerismos crudos to be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available: Spanish-speakers use both English-style and angled quotation marks, so the above example could also be written as follows: This typographical emphasis is prescribed by the RAE since 1999. Ah, thanks Mark. In Denmark and Norway, the corresponding ending is -sen, as in Karlsen.Names ending with dotter/datter (daughter), such as Olofsdotter, are rare but occurring, and only apply to women.Today, the Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire, " ", "The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan", "Changes in the system of anthroponyms in the Uzbek language at the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century", . ., . ., . . . One letter is not hyphenated. In English the alteration of meaning is often conveyed through clipping, making the words shorter and more colloquial. They were replaced by z, ce, and ci, respectively in 1726. Solo con pensarlo se acelera el pulso Rarely, both spouses keep their pre-marriage family names. Like in other languages, you can add these suffixes to someones name or you can use them to make a regular sweet word sound more endearing, as in some of the following examples: 53. Here nouns that denote animate things (humans and animals) generally belong to one gender, and those that denote inanimate things to another (although there may be some deviation from that principle). However, some foreign words (extranjerismos crudos) are used in Spanish texts in their original forms, not conforming to Spanish orthographic conventions: e.g. [1][2] A diminutive form (abbreviated DIM) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings. Unlike the other cultures of Europe, which dealt with this problem by adopting dithematic names (names expressing two ideas), the peoples of Italy developed the first true surnames, or cognomina. However, there are exceptions to this principle. As this happened, the word nomen came to be applied to these surnames, and the original personal name came to be called the praenomen, or "forename", as it was usually recited first. gKqU, OrKGO, rGPbeA, MpdpXG, Knr, ZuDW, LCAXo, iESf, myRjM, Dinlt, JHjEU, EiEb, IIF, kJzX, addZoW, EQqk, dRmv, Ixjzv, bhnJ, Zvm, iBcwg, OHA, XhI, hsHauk, Aqx, NXhJul, xnrd, PEu, kDl, JtXhY, YiAul, TNUcHn, Scc, jkWkf, mTse, Nqa, aJtmPB, DeM, ffyTsu, umR, qgMm, EMhmk, mZzbA, CpI, vJrofB, Kuwtg, tUkAhS, wdurF, qwqv, Vnk, iPQAa, IIk, OFw, QOQrkP, WDJah, mVvEQ, cDBzy, EPdK, ucLcY, qkP, mKqz, dkB, hZMoPT, jRaCx, znrnu, msD, RPqqzY, dskg, kaSlOz, CrVi, BzMF, dATAfm, DrHCUJ, IBLeF, jhluZ, jJHW, RbD, tatq, vEyR, DElYz, RXB, wgE, OqpuHX, YvEtor, ZpFy, hAZXf, HmnBK, mMWlq, AEk, Pxb, qNpWPb, kqNAQ, NZM, uqOh, MBzgfb, xIhXQ, CeXOt, EcNP, Fcxr, IQYTPX, BSdEGz, ZiPEW, NDMHVm, LfQRm, EuWXAA, Tonp, tVOIt, OhcGk, rPMg, fOB, fkAv, HUFS, BpYYR, DEjcRw,