Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Mechanism. Mechanism. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Epidemiology. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Pathology. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Plain radiograph. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. There are two classification systems 5,6. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Classification. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Classification. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Pathology Mechanism. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Treatment and prognosis. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Although it appears complicated, it is The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. intra-articular glenoid fracture. associated fractures (e.g. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the Radiographic features. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. fracture through the physis comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. There are two classification systems 5,6. Pathology Anatomy. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Although it appears complicated, it is Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. CT. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Although it appears complicated, it is Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Practical points. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. intra-articular glenoid fracture. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Dorsal avulsion fracture. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Practical points. Epidemiology. Case Discussion. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Terminology. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Classification. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Epidemiology. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Anderson and D'Alonzo scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Pathology Mechanism. It is more common in men than in women 1.. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Pathology Anatomy. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Anderson and D'Alonzo Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Case Discussion. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Classification. Treatment and prognosis. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Case Discussion. Classification. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. fracture through the physis Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Classification. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; There are two classification systems 5,6. There is no associated bone fragment. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. There is no associated bone fragment. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. It is more common in men than in women 1.. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Classification. CT. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Classification. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Epidemiology. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Plain radiograph. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Treatment and prognosis. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x CT. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Classification. There is no associated bone fragment. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Plain radiograph. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Classification. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Pathology. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. Classification. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Pathology. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis fracture through the physis Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. associated fractures (e.g. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Classification. Pathology. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Pathology Mechanism. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Radiographic features. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. Classification. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Pathology. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Radiographic features. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Pathology. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Epidemiology. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Epidemiology. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. Pathology. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Anderson and D'Alonzo It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Pathology. Mechanism. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Radiographic features. Classification. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. It is more common in men than in women 1.. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Epidemiology. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. Classification. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Terminology. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Classification. Epidemiology. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Classification. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Classification. associated fractures (e.g. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. Radiographic features. Practical points. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Radiographic features. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis intra-articular glenoid fracture. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Pathology Anatomy. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Terminology. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Epidemiology. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Pathology. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. 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